Childhood in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance w DE G Childhood in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance The Results of a Paradigm Shift in the History of Mentality Edited by Albrecht Classen Walter de Gruyter · Berlin · New York An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libra- ries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high quality books Open Access. More information about the initiative can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org ISBN 978-3-11-021808-4An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libra- e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-021809-1ries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-021806-2make high quality books Open Access. More information about the initiative can be ISSN 0179-0986found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org e-ISSN 0179-3256 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 License, as of February 23, 2017. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliogra- fie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.dnb.de abrufbar. © 2016 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston Druck und Bindung: Duck & Co., Ortsname ♾ Gedruckt auf säurefreiem Papier Printed in Germany www.degruyter.com ISBN 978-3-11-021808-4 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-021809-1 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-021806-2 ISSN 0179-0986 e-ISSN 0179-3256 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 License, as of February 23, 2017. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliogra- fie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.dnb.de abrufbar. © 2016 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston Druck und Bindung: Duck & Co., Ortsname ♾ Gedruckt auf säurefreiem Papier Printed in Germany www.degruyter.com Table of Contents 1. Albrecht Classen Philippe Aries and the Consequences: History of Childhood, Family Relations, and Personal Emotions: Where do we stand today? 1 2. Valerie L. Garver The Influence of Monastic Ideals upon Carolingian Conceptions of Childhood 67 3. Eva Parra Membrives Mutterliebe aus weiblicher Perspektive: Zur Bedeutung von Affektivität in Frau Avas Leben Jesu (Maternal Love from a Female Perspective: On the Significance of Affection in Frau Ava's Leben Jesu) 87 4. Diane Peters Auslander Victims or Martyrs: Children, Anti-Semitism, and the Stress of Change in Medieval England 105 5. Mary Dzon Joseph and the Amazing Christ-Child of Late-Medieval Legend 135 6. Karen K. Jambeck The Tretiz of Walter of Bibbesworth: Cultivating the Vernacular 159 7. Nicole Clifton The Seven Sages of Rome, Children's Literature, and the Auchinleck Manuscript 185 8. Juanita Feros Ruys Peter Abelard's Carmen ad Astralabium and Medieval Parent-Child Didactic Texts: The Evidence for Parent-Child Relationships in the Middle Ages 203 vi Table of Contents 9. David F. Tinsley Reflections of Childhood in Medieval Hagiographical Writing: The Case of Hartmann von Aue's Der arme Heinrich 229 10. Carol Dover Why Did Lancelot Need an Education? 247 11. Tracy Adams Medieval Mothers and their Children: The Case of Isabeau of Bavaria 265 12. Marilyn Sandidge Changing Contexts of Infanticide in Medieval English Texts 291 13. Jean E. Jost Medieval Children: Treatment in Middle English Literature 307 14. Daniel F. Pigg Margery Kempe and Her Son: Representing the Discourse of Family 329 15. Juliann Vitullo Fashioning Fatherhood: Leon Battista Alberti's Art of Parenting 341 16. Laurel Reed Art, Life, Charm and Titian's Portrait of Clarissa Strozzi 355 17. David Graizbord Converso Children Under the Inquisitorial Microscope in the Seventeenth Century: What May the Sources Tell us about Their Lives? .. 373 18. Allison P. Coudert Educating Girls in Early Modern Europe and America 389 19. Christopher Carlsmith The Child in the Classroom: Teaching a Course on the History of Childhood in Medieval/Renaissance Europe 415 Table of Contents vii Contributors 433 Index 439 List of Illustrations 445 Albrecht Classen (University of Arizona) Philippe Aries and the Consequences History of Childhood, Family Relations, and Personal Emotions Where do we stand today?1 Es "reift der sich bildende Geist langsam und stille der neuen Gestalt entgegen, löst ein Teilchen des Baus seiner vorhergehenden Welt nach dem andern auf. Dies allmähliche Zerbröckeln . wird durch den Aufgang unterbrochen, der, ein Blitz, in einem Male das Gebilde der neuen Welt hinstellt. (Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Phänomenologie des Geistes, ed. Johannes Hoffmeister, 1968) Introductory Case Study In Konrad von Würzburg's Engelhard (ca. 1280), a late-medieval version of the pan- European Amicus and Amelius narrative, the protagonist makes the heart- wrenching decision to kill his two young children because only their blood can heal his deadly sick friend Dieterich.2 Engelhard argues to himself that his children would quickly gain entrance to heaven because of their innocence, speciously suggesting that their involuntary assistance in helping his friend would minimize the deadly sin of murdering his own children. But God eventually intervenes and 1 I would like to thank Kathryn M. Rudy (Utrecht University, NL), Karen K. Jambeck (Western Connecticut State University), and Marilyn Sandidge (Westfield State College, MA) for their critical reading of this introduction. Regretfully, Rudy's excellent contribution to the symposium from which this volume resulted, could not be included. The papers by Diane Peters Auslander, Christopher Carlsmith, and Daniel F. Pigg are later and very welcome additions to this collection. 2 For the Old French tradition, see Ami and Amile, trans, from the Old French by Samuel Danon and Samuel N. Rosenberg (York, S. C.: French Literature Publication Company, 1981); for the European and especially Middle English tradition, see Amis and Amiloun, ed. MacEdward Leach. Early English Text Society, O S., 203 (London: Oxford University Press, 1937); Konrad's text is quoted from Konrad von Würzburg, Engelhard, ed. Paul Gereke, 2nd, newly revised ed. by Ingo Reiffenstein. Altdeutsche Textbibliothek, 17 (Tübingen: Niemeyer, 1963). 2 Albrecht Classen not only allows Dieterich to regain his health, but He also revives the children to the utmost delight of the desperate father. This literary motif might confirm the long-held belief that medieval people cared very little about children and treated them as nothing but small adults, or rather as objects necessary for the survival of society.3 Engelhard's decision, however, to kill his children, does not come easy. In fact, he is deeply tortured and grievously laments the deadly dilemma of having to decide between his love for his children and his profound love for his life-long friend: "daz leit ist zweier hande / dar in ich nu gevalle bin" (6140-41; I have been caught by two types of sorrow). He knows that he would commit the most severe crime (6160-62), but he consoles himself with the hope that his children have not yet been burdened with any earthly sin and would go straight to heaven (6163).4 Konrad describes in painful detail how the protagonist reaches his decision because a true friend is more valuable for him than his young children (6186-89). Dieterich, on the other hand, although he would profit from the children's blood, is horrified and severely accuses Engelhard of having committed a terrible crime against his own children (6313-19), unmistakably signaling that children are most precious and cannot simply be instrumentalized for medical purposes and should not be murdered for his own sake. In fact, after God has restored life to Engelhard's children and their father has realized this miracle, he expresses deepest gratitude and also reveals the profound extent to which he as their father had suffered when he killed them. After the wet-nurse has brought them to Engelhard, he places them on his lap and kisses them many times, crying for joy that he has regained his children (6420-21). Is Engelhart, in his role as father, a cold-blooded monster, or does he truly display parental love at the end? What are we to make of the dialectical approach toward children in this narrative which foregrounds the notion of friendship, whereas children figure only in the background? Can we take this narrative as indicative of medieval attitudes toward children, or would we read too much into the romance with respect to thirteenth-century mentality and emotions?5 The 3 For a critical evaluation of older scholarship dealing with this literary motif, see Nicole Clifton, "The Function of Childhood in Amis and Amiloun," Mediaevalia 22, 1 (1998): 35-57; for the English tradition of this pan-European narrative, see Jean E. Jost's contribution to this volume. 4 This religious concept also undergirds the peasant girl's decision to sacrifice herself for Lord Henry in Hartmann von Aue's Der arme Heinrich (ca. 1190); for further discussion of this verse narrative, see David F. Tinsley's contribution to this volume. 5 For a most recent discussion of the family structure in Konrad's narrative, see Elisabeth Schmid, "Engelhard und Dietrich: Ein Freundespaar soll erwachsen werden," Claudia Brinker-von der Heyde and Helmut Scheuer, eds., Familienmuster— Musterfamilien: Zur Konstruktion von Familie in der Literatur.