UNIVERSIDADE DA BEIRA INTERIOR Engenharia Energy Storage Systems and Grid Code Requirements for Large-Scale Renewables Integration in Insular Grids Eduardo Manuel Godinho Rodrigues Tese para obtenção do Grau de Doutor em Engenharia Eletrotécnica e de Computadores (3.º ciclo de estudos) Orientador: Prof. Doutor João Paulo da Silva Catalão Coorientador: Prof. Doutor João Carlos de Oliveira Matias Covilhã, Dezembro de 2015 ii This thesis was supported by FEDER funds (European Union) through COMPETE and by Portuguese funds through FCT, under Projects FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-020282 (Ref. PTDC/EEA- EEL/118519/2010) and UID/CEC/50021/2013. Also, the research leading to these results has received funding from the EU 7th Framework Programme FP7/2007-2013 under grant agreement no. 309048, project SiNGULAR. iii iv Dedicatory I dedicate this thesis to my family, who with love, dedication and effort, always believed in my capabilities, supporting me unconditionally. Without them, nothing of this would be possible. Thank you very much. v vi Acknowledgement It is not always easy to find the appropriate words to express how much we are thankful to all the persons that somehow contributed to this work. Nevertheless, I would like to express my thanks to all those people who made this thesis possible and an unforgettable experience for me. The first words have to be directed to my supervisors, Prof. João Catalão and Prof. João Matias. I am deeply indebted to Prof. João Catalão for giving me a research direction and for all the help, ideas, comments and constant encouragement throughout this work. I also thank Prof. João Matias for his enthusiasm, inspiring to all of us. I would like to thank to my colleagues at Sustainable Energy Systems laboratory of UBI, for their friendship, support and valuable discussions about the topics of this work. Many thanks to all of them, who were able to create a friendly atmosphere for the development of this work. I would like to thank also to my colleagues at ALSTOM, namely Roberto Bove, Gianfranco Guidati, Efthalia Skoufa and Vipluv Aga, to SMARTWATT, in the name of Prof. Cláudio Monteiro, to EDA, for Engº Filipe Mendonça, and to ITC, for Daniel and Salvador. To all those who contributed directly or indirectly to the development this dissertation, I also wish to express my deepest thanks. vii Resumo Esta tese aborda a temática dos sistemas de armazenamento de energia visando o aumento da penetração de energias renováveis em sistemas insulares. Uma visão geral é apresentada acerca da gestão do armazenamento de energia, ferramentas de previsão e soluções do lado da procura de energia, comparando a utilização estratégica do armazenamento e outras estratégias concorrentes. É dada ênfase aos sistemas de armazenamento de energia em ilhas, como uma nova contribuição no estado da arte, abordando as suas necessidades específicas, as tecnologias mais adequadas e os projetos existentes e em funcionamento a nível mundial. Vários casos de estudos reais são apresentados e discutidos em detalhe. Parâmetros de projeto de baterias de chumbo-ácido são avaliados para aplicações de armazenamento de energia em redes insulares, comparando diferentes modelos de baterias. O efeito de redução do potencial de desperdício de energia do vento, recorrendo ao armazenamento de energia, também é perscrutado. As especificidades subjacentes aos códigos de rede para a integração em larga escala de energias renováveis são discutidas em contexto insular, sendo outra nova contribuição no estado da arte. As tendências atuais na elaboração de códigos de rede, no sentido de uma melhor integração da geração distribuída renovável em sistemas insulares, são abordadas. Finalmente, é estudada a modelação e as estratégias de controlo com sistemas de armazenamento de energia. Uma metodologia de gestão de energia inovadora é apresentada para a exploração de curto prazo de sistemas insulares com baterias de fluxo Vanádio Redox. Palavras-Chave Armazenamento de Energia, Energias Renováveis, Códigos de Rede, Sistemas Insulares. viii ix Abstract This thesis addresses the topic of energy storage systems supporting increased penetration of renewables in insular systems. An overview of energy storage management, forecasting tools and demand side solutions is carried out, comparing the strategic utilization of storage and other competing strategies. Particular emphasis is given to energy storage systems on islands, as a new contribution to earlier studies, addressing their particular requirements, the most appropriate technologies and existing operating projects throughout the world. Several real-world case studies are presented and discussed in detail. Lead-acid battery design parameters are assessed for energy storage applications on insular grids, comparing different battery models. The wind curtailment mitigation effect by means of energy storage resources is also explored. Grid code requirements for large-scale integration of renewables are discussed in an island context, as another new contribution to earlier studies. The current trends on grid code formulation, towards an improved integration of distributed renewable resources in island systems, are addressed. Finally, modeling and control strategies with energy storage systems are addressed. An innovative energy management technique to be used in the day-ahead scheduling of insular systems with Vanadium Redox Flow battery is presented. Keywords Energy Storage, Renewable Energy, Grid Codes, Insular Systems. x xi Table of Contents Dedicatory....................................................................................................... v Acknowledgement ........................................................................................... vii Resumo ....................................................................................................... viii Palavras-Chave .............................................................................................. viii Abstract.......................................................................................................... x Keywords ........................................................................................................ x Table of Contents ............................................................................................ xii Figures List ....................................................................................................xvi Tables List ..................................................................................................... xx Acronyms ..................................................................................................... xxii Nomenclature .............................................................................................. xxvi 1. Introduction ................................................................................................. 1 1.1. Framework .............................................................................................. 1 1.2. Motivation .............................................................................................. 4 1.3. Thesis Structure ....................................................................................... 7 2. Overview of Storage Management, Forecasting Tools and Demand Side Solutions ............. 9 2.1. Energy Storage Systems and Management Methods ............................................. 9 2.2. Tools for ESS Management ......................................................................... 20 2.3. Forecasting Tools .................................................................................... 25 2.3.1. Role in insular energy systems ............................................................... 25 2.3.2. Wind Power Forecasting ...................................................................... 25 2.3.3. Load Forecasting ............................................................................... 29 2.4. Demand Side Management: Economic Aspects and Management Options................. 34 2.4.1. Description of Demand Side Management ................................................. 34 2.4.2. The six levers of DSM .......................................................................... 35 2.4.3. Benefit for utilities from DR ................................................................. 37 xii 2.4.4. Role of DSM in a smart grid .................................................................. 38 2.4.5. Economic impact measures for DSM solutions ............................................ 40 2.4.6. Generation management ..................................................................... 44 2.4.7. Impacts of RES penetration .................................................................. 46 2.4.8. Grid reinforcement ............................................................................ 47 2.5. EES and Other Competing Strategies ............................................................ 48 2.5.1. Concepts ......................................................................................... 48 2.5.2. Strategic utilization of storage .............................................................. 50 2.5.3. Strategic utilization of DSM .................................................................. 51 2.5.4. Pertinence of storage ......................................................................... 52 2.5.5. System operation............................................................................... 54 2.5.7. Storage opportunities for the residential