THE BLACK PRESS IN SOUTH AFRICA AND LESOTHO a descriptive bibliographic guide to African, Coloured and Indian newspapers, newsletters and magazines 1836-1976 Bibliographies and Guides in African Studies James C. Armstrong Editor THE BLACK PRESS IN SOUTH AFRICA AND LESOTHO a descriptive bibliographic guide to African, Coloured and Indian newspapers, newsletters and magazines 1836-1976 LES SWITZER and DONNA SWITZER G.K.HALL&CO. 70 LINCOLN STREET, BOSTON, MASS. To our parents Copyright © 1979 by Les Switzer and Donna Switzer Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Switzer, Les. The Black press in South Africa and Lesotho. (Bibliographies and guides in African studies) Includes bibliographies and index. 1. Ethnic press — South Africa — Directories. 2. Ethnic press — Lesotho — Directories. I. Switzer, Donna, joint author. II. Title. III. Series. Z6960.S6S94 [PN5477.E84] 079'.68 78-23860 ISBN 0-8161-8174-8 This publication is printed on permanent/durable acid-free paper MANUFACTURED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Introduction vii Acknowledgements xiii Library Codes xv Black Press in Perspective 1 Black Political Parties, Trade Unions and Related Pressure Groups 23 Multi-Racial Political Parties, Trade Unions and Related Pressure Groups 67 General-Interest Publications, Sport and Entertainment 97 Black Supplements in Contemporary White Newspapers 125 Publications Aimed at Specific Interest Groups . 129 Agricultural and Industry (including co-operatives) 129 Business and Commerce 134 Education 136 Health and Welfare 144 Literary, Scientific, and Cultural 149 Women 157 Youth 159 Miscellaneous 161 Official and Semi-Official Government Publications 165 Teacher Organs 175 Student Organs 187 Religious Publications 237 Bibliography 279 Secondary Sources Pertaining Specifically to the Black Press in South Africa and Lesotho 279 Additional Publications Consulted in the Preparation of this Guide 282 Addendum 289 Index . 291 Introduction The South African Press has been a sectional press throughout its history. Race—not language, religion or culture—has proved to be the dominant characteristic of this sectionalism, moreover, which has given the press in this country a unique status among the world's mass media of communication. Consequently, in attempting to compile a descriptive bibliographical guide to source material on the Black Press, we are in the mainstream of a racial tradition which has been reflected by both press and society in South Africa. Having said this, however, it is quite another task to define the Black Press. It is not, for example, a press necessarily owned or edited by blacks. And it is not always easy even to distinguish a press for blacks since publications intended, at least in part, for blacks often seem to have been read only by whites. Nevertheless, we have defined the Black Press in terms of readership and this guide is focussed on serial newspapers, newsletters and magazines directed primarily at, or intended for, an African, Indian and Coloured^ audi- ence. Lesotho is included because it is surrounded on all sides by South Africa and its people have shared intimately in the black ex- perience of South Africa. Basotho mineworkers, agricultural labour- ers and professional men and women—including most of the journal- ists—have worked in South Africa for generations. And in one form or another, the eminence grise of South Africa has been present in- side Lesotho for most of its history. Colonial Basutoland, for ex- ample, was a focal point of missionary activity for South African- based Roman Catholics and Anglicans—two of the three major churches in independent Lesotho.1 In fact, the Anglican Diocese of Bloemfon- tein included Basutoland until 1950. Our primary aim has been to compile a bibliographical guide to source material which has hitherto received little attention from researchers writing about the black experience in South Africa and Lesotho. This publication should be of interest not only to jour- nalists and those interested in popular culture, but also to spe- The term "coloured" refers to persons of mixed race in South Africa. vii Introduction cialists in a variety of academic fields, including the arts, social sciences, religious studies and education. We have defined serial publications—newspapers, newsletters, magazines—as being anything from a daily to an annual issued serial- ly. Each publication has been evaluated individually as an actual or intended publication for blacks, and each one has been annotated in the following manner: TITLE (with English translation) In most cases, each publication which underwent title changes has been placed under the last known title. All changes of title are noted in the contents, however, with the month and year these occurred. 1 DATES Except for annuals, the month and year of the first and last issues, where applicable, are included. Irregular num- bering is noted. 2 FREQUENCY The terms daily, weekly, fortnightly, monthly, quarterly, biannual and annual are used, but all known variations in fre- quency patterns are given together with the years in which changes of frequency occurred. 3 LANGUAGE We have dropped all prefixes and have avoided certain terms (for example, North Sotho, South Sotho, West Sotho) sometimes employed in South Africa. The orthography for the nine major : African languages is as follows: Zulu, Xhosa, Ndebele, Sotho, V Tswana, Pedi, Tsonga and Venda. The Swazi did not have an of- ficial written language, distinct from Zulu, in Swaziland un- til the early 1970s. Therefore the language used in Swazi publications in this guide is designated as Zulu. Four of the five main Indian languages are represented: Tamil, Hindi, :./_• Gujarati and Urdu. No serial publications were found in Telugu. In addition to English and Afrikaans, the two offi- cial languages of South Africa, other languages to be found in this guide include French, Dutch, Portuguese and Arabic. Chi- nese serial publications were considered outside the framework of this study. We have tried to list all the languages found . „• in each publication, regardless of frequency. The only excep- ••' tions are school yearbooks which are mainly in English. Indi- vidual contributions in other languages—especially Afrikaans after the central government took over African, Coloured and Indian education—are not included for the publications in this category unless they comprise a significant proportion of the text. 4 CONTENTS Place of publication and publisher(s) are normally given. South African cities are noted together with the province they are in except for eight major urban areas—Johannesburg, Pre- toria, Durban, Cape Town, Port Elizabeth, Bloemfontein, Pietermaritzburg and East London. Where relevant, we have viii Introduction also tried to include the major editors/writers together with a description of the department, committee, society, party, asso- ciation or institution the organ represents. Special issues and supplements have been noted. Pertinent oral and written sources consulted in the preparation of each entry are cited. 5 HOLDINGS We abandoned an attempt to include volume and issue numbers because it was felt that such a list had too many disadvan- tages for the reader. Black publications in South Africa and Lesotho were not always numbered in sequence and, in fact, volume and/or issue numbers were often missing. Volume and/or issue numbers were sometimes catalogued inaccurately either because the numbers were misread or because they were taken from a bogus cover (many religious publications, for example, were bound under separate cover by the missionaries them- selves). Instead, we have indicated where the publication can be found in South Africa and Lesotho with the month and year the collection begins and, where applicable, ends. Those pub- lications which are incomplete (inc.) or on microfilm (M) are also noted, although this information will have to be updated for a few libraries that are now filming their newspapers and striving to eliminate gaps in their periodical holdings. The sources are arranged in alphabetical order as determined by the PISAL abbreviation. An asterisk (*) has been placed next to all publications where there is not a complete run or no copies are known to exist. The reader should be aware of what is not included in this guide. Collections of South African serial publications (including those written in exile) held outside South Africa and Lesotho. This source material is relatively well documented and virtu- ally all of it can be found in the United States and Britain. The large number of photo-novella or photo-story magazines in comic-book format for blacks that have appeared in the past 25 years or so. Although these publications have undoubtedly filled a need, their value as potential source material for researchers remains questionable and, in any event, it would take another book to describe the publications in this field. Virtually all of the photo-story magazines have been initiated by white entrepreneurs, of whom the frontrunners today are un- doubtedly James Bailey (see Drum) and Republican Publications, a subsidiary of the Afrikaans press group Perskor. In keeping to our frame of reference—newspapers, newsletters, magazines—we have also eliminated serial publications that cannot be regarded as falling within the scope of the Black Press. These include calendars, gazettes, reports, almanacs, registers, proceedings, serial brochures, pamphlets and relat- ed primary and secondary sources. A few black serial publica- tions cited