Cellular Network Generations Table of Contents Introduction to Cellular Technology ............................................................................................... 2 Objectives........................................................................................................................................ 3 Overview ......................................................................................................................................... 4 Cellular Network Generations – 1G -1 ............................................................................................ 5 Cellular Network Generations – 1G -2 ............................................................................................ 6 Cellular Network Generations – 2G -1 ............................................................................................ 8 Cellular Network Generations – 2G -2 .......................................................................................... 10 Cellular Network Generations – 3G -1 .......................................................................................... 11 Cellular Network Generations – 3G -2 .......................................................................................... 13 Cellular Network Generations – 4G -1 .......................................................................................... 15 Cellular Network Generations – 4G -2 .......................................................................................... 19 Notices .......................................................................................................................................... 21 Page 1 of 21 Introduction to Cellular Technology Introduction to Cellular Technology © 2012 Carnegie Mellon University **001 So Introduction to Cellular Technology. Again, the fun notice. I'm going to skip it. It's in your slide handouts if you want to actually read it. Page 2 of 21 Objectives Objectives At the completion of this module, students should be familiar with: • Generations of cellular technologies • Types and capabilities of cellular networks • Government standards related to cellular devices • Cellular device components 3 **003 So at the completion of this, you should be familiar with these items. What are the different generations of cellular technology? This mostly applies to the network side. What is 11G, what is 2G? What exactly- what capabilities does 4G have that the other generations do not have? The types and capabilities of cellular networks. How does GSM differ from CDMA? How are they actually transmitting data? How do the cell towers actually work? Government standards related to cellular devices. Most of the standards are going to be based on Page 3 of 21 FCC regulations because they control the airwaves in the United States. There's other governing bodies that control the airspace in other countries. Some countries there is no control over the airspace. We're going to focus on the U.S. regulations. And then the components that make up a cellular device. Overview Overview Generations of Cellular Technologies • Evolution from 1st – 4th Generation • Mobile Devices Types and Capabilities of Wireless Networks • CMDA vs. TDMA • Bluetooth • IEEE 802.11 • US Government Security Standards 4 **004 The generations of cellular technologies. Evolution from 1st Generation to 4th Generation. What has happened with the devices? What features have been added along the way that weren't available in older generations? Page 4 of 21 CDMA versus TDMA. These are the underlying technologies of the CDMA and GSM networks. Bluetooth, IEEE 802.11 or Wi-Fi, and the US Government Security Standards. Cellular Network Generations – 1G -1 Cellular Network Generations – 1G -1 1st Generation (1G) • Introduced for public use ~ 1981 • 100% Analog — No Data!! • AMPS – Advanced Mobile Phone System 5 **005 So 1st Generation. First introduced for public use in 1981. A hundred percent analog; no data was available. The problem with it being analog was anyone with a frequency scanner could listen in on your conversations. The problem with no data is you have nothing like SMS. You have MMS messages. You could only send phone calls. It actually used Page 5 of 21 frequency modulation to send the signal. So since it's analog, it took up the entire signal, the entire frequency it was transmitting on. So there was very few users per cellular tower. AMPS is the Advanced Mobile Phone System. That was introduced in 1978 in the United States. That is the United States version for allowing 1st generation communication. Very expensive; not secure; not widely used. Very expensive for somebody to use it. Cellular Network Generations – 1G -2 Cellular Network Generations – 1G -2 Very Expensive – Not Secure • Not widely used • Mobile units available in cars 6 **006 Most often these were business people that were using 1st generation technology. Most people you Page 6 of 21 wouldn't see having their own person phone. They're very big, they're very bulky; battery did not last a long time. It shows mobile units available in cars. There was actually car units available in other countries much earlier than 1978 when AMPS was introduced. So the car technology is really what spawned the rest of the cellular technology: very big batteries; wasn't something you could carry around. But Sweden, Norway had a system with car phones I think as early as the '50s or '60s. And so the cellular revolution then was just a shoot-off. As batteries became better, as these devices got- became smaller and didn't require as much power, that's when we started being able to see actual cellular devices not hooked up in a car. Page 7 of 21 Cellular Network Generations – 2G -1 Cellular Network Generations – 2G -1 2nd Generation (2G and 2.5G) • Introduced ~ 1991 • 100% Digital • Availability of data — 10 ~ 144 Kbps transfer • Emergence of SMS (Simple Message Service), MMS (Multimedia Message Service), and mobile Internet • CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) vs. GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) 7 **007 So 2nd Generation. The 2nd generation of networks was introduced in '91. A hundred percent digital. So now instead of being able to use a frequency scanner and listening in on all the calls located near me, there's- it's all digital. With digital, we started getting encryption. We get very low data rates. We're talking about 10 Kbits/sec, up to 144 Kbits/sec. This is when we start seeing SMS and MMS messages available on cellular devices. That's about all you could do over-- you could do other stuff over 2G. But the Page 8 of 21 data rate is so slow. I wouldn't want to do like a video call over 2G. It's just too slow. We see the emergence of SMS, MMS and mobile Internet. You can finally keep up with your favorite fantasy football teams on your phone, if you really want to. It's just going to take 110 minutes to load Yahoo in order to see what your match ups for the week are. This is also where we start seeing CDMA-- which is Code Division Multiple Access-- versus GSM networks; Global System for Mobile Communications. We'll get into later in the block for the U.S. pretty equivalent number of users on the two systems. Worldwide that's not necessarily the case. GSM has many more users than CDMA because GSM was actually introduced in Europe. So they created it. They started rolling it out to their countries and countries that they had relationships with; and the U.S. decided well Qualcomm's part of the U.S.; let's go ahead and introduce CDMA networks also. Page 9 of 21 Cellular Network Generations – 2G -2 Cellular Network Generations – 2G -2 Competition • Market for cell phones grows exponentially • Network providers face off 8 **008 Market for cell phones grow exponentially. This is when you start seeing people walking around with personal cell phones; not just business use anymore. I can now use-- I want to keep in touch. I feel naked now if I don't have a cell phone on me. I want to be able to get my wife's email message or text message or voice call wherever I'm located. Cell phones allow you to be connected. I travel a lot. The last two months I've been out of the country for basically a month of the time. So having the cellular device is one of the ways that I can keep in Page 10 of 21 touch with the people back in San Antonio where I'm from. Without the cell phone, I would be gone for 18 days and might not have any type of communication if the place I was at didn't have wireless. The network providers face off. Network providers at this point decided are we going to be a GSM network; are we going to be a CDMA network? Cellular Network Generations – 3G -1 Cellular Network Generations – 3G -1 3rd Generation (3G) • Introduced ~ 2001 • Improved network speeds — 384 Kbps ~ 3 Mbps • GSM vs. CDMA2000 9 **009 3rd Generation. Introduced in 2001. The data rates increase exponentially. So instead of having 110 to 144 kilobits, we have 384 kilobits to up to 3 Mbits/sec. So the Page 11 of 21 speeds are much, much faster. We can actually start doing stuff like using it as a replacement for your home internet service. Three Mbits/sec is probably a speed you'll never see in the real world. That's like best-case scenario is 3 Mbits/sec on the network. Most users probably see no more than 11/2 Mbits/sec to 2 Mbits/sec. But it's still fast enough that when I'm out of the house-- or even if I'm in the house sitting on my couch-- instead of having to go to the computer to do something, I just do it on the cell phone instead; because it's good