Chapter 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Experimental Results of Chlorococcalean Algae Biodiesel This chapter explores the results obtained for method describes in Chapter 2, such as a database of Algae found in Maharashtra State, Algae Collection Results, and Algae Growth Data of Selected Microalgae, Biodiesel Characterization by FTIR and GCMS Results and Properties of Prepared Biodiesel Fuel. 3.1.1 A database of Algae found in Maharashtra State Biodiversity is the variety of plant and animal in particular ecosystem. The human induced activities cause serious threats to the biodiversity, which ultimately leads to environmental degradation. The knowledge about biodiversity of water reservoir along with its present conservation status and maintenance of its natural properties will help in sustainable utilization of human mankind. The aim of present investigation to prepare database of algae phytoplankton found in Maharashtra State which can be exploited for making of biodiesel. Maharashtra occupies the western and central part of the country and has a long coastline stretching nearly 720 kilometer along the Arabian Sea [1]. The Deccan plateau is the more prominent physical feature of Maharashtra which is separated from the Kokan coastline by Ghats. The state is surrounded by Gujarat to the North West, Madhya Pradesh to the north, Chattisgarh to the east, Telangana to the south east, Karnataka to the south and Goa to the south west. The main rivers of the state are Krishna, Bhima, Godavari, Tapi-Purna and Wardha-Wainganga [1][2]. The Maharashtra has typical monsoon climate, with hot, rainy and cold weather seasons. The winter in January and February is followed by summer between March and May and the monsoon season between June and September. The summer is extreme with March, April and May as the hottest months. The temperature varies between 22 ˚C and 39 ˚C during this season. Rainfall starts normally in the first week of June while winter starts in September. The region to region seasonal variation found in Maharashtra. The flora of Maharashtra is heterogeneous in composition. The most of the forest area have low annual rainfall (50-70 cm), a mean annual temperature of 25- 27˚C and low humidity. Some of the forest areas are converted into wildlife reserves which help to preserving the biodiversity of Maharashtra state [3]. 84 The study of algae found in Maharashtra was done according to their administrative divisions. Maharashtra consists of six administrative divisions which are further divided into 36 districts. The administrative divisions and districts are as follows: i. Amrawati : Amarawati, Akola, Buldhana, Washim, Yewatmal. ii. Nashik : Ahemdnagar, Dhule, Jalgaon, Nandurbar, Nashik. iii. Aurangabad : Aurangabad, Beed, Hingoli, Jalana, Latur, Nanded, Osmnabad, Parbhani. iv. Pune : Kolhapur, Pune, Sangli, Satara, Solapur. v. Nagpur : Bhandara, Chandrapur, Gadchiroli, Gondia, Nagpur, Wardha. vi. Kokan : Mumbai, Mumbai-upnagar, Ratnagiri, Raigad, Sindhudurga, Thane. Table 3.1: The Maharashtra States administrative divisions and districts, Algae Source Reservoir and reference used Sr. No. Name Of District Algae Source Reservoir Reference No. Division Amarawati 1 Amrawati Agriculture Soil, Nal- 4, 5 Damyanti Reservoir 2 Buldhana Lonar Lake 6 3 Washim Fresh water Reservoir 7 4 Yawatmal Fresh Water Dam 8 Division: Nashik 5 Ahemdnagar Bhandardara Dam, 9, 10,11, Pravara River 12 6 Dhule Amarawati Dam, MIDC 13, 14, 15 7 Jalgaon MIDC, Hartala Lake 13, 14 8 Nandurbar Ordinary Drinking water 13 9 Nashik Gangapur Dam 16 85 Division: Aurangabad 10 Aurangabad Air born algae, Ajanta 17, 18 water fall 11 Beed Jalgaon Nala of Ashti 19, 20 12 Hingoli Siddheshwar Dam 21 13 Jalana Jayakwadi project 22, 23 14 Latur Manjara River 24 15 Nanded Vishnupuri Reservoir, 25,26 Kundrala Dam 16 Osmanabad Dhanegaon 27,28 17 Parbhani Masoli reservoir 29 Division: Pune 18 Kolhapur Lake 30 19 Pune Different places 31, 12 20 Sangli Bharatnagar Lake, 32, 33 Krishna River 21 Satara Dhakani 34 22 Solapur Urban Lakes 114 Division: Nagpur 23 Chandrapur Tadoba Lake 125 24 Gadchiroli Bothali (Mendha) Lake 131 25 Gondia Chulband dam 35 26 Nagpur Lake 36 27 Wardha Mahakali Water 37, 38, 39 Reservoir Division: Kokan 28 Mumbai Aarey Lake 40 29 Ratnagiri Fresh water 41 30 Raigad Vishrale, Krishnale, 42 Dewale Lake 31 Sindhudurga Malwan 43 32 Thane Aarey Lake 40 86 Table 3.2: Algae separated according to its Class found in water reservoir Sr. Name Of the No. District iophyceae Cyanophyceae Chlorophyceae Bacillariophyceae Xanthophyceae Euglenophyceae Zygnematophycea Flagillar Myxophyceae Dinophyceae Desmidiceae Chrysophyceae Charophyceae Ulvophyceae Trebouxiphyceae Division: Amarawati 1 Amrawati + + + + + - - - - - - - - - 2 Buldhana + - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 Washim - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4 Yawatmal + + - - - - - - - - - - - - Division: Nashik 5 Ahemdnagar + + + + + + - - - - - - - - 6 Dhule + + + - + - - - - - - - - - 7 Jalgaon + + + - + - - - - - - - - - 8 Nandurbar - - + - - - - - - - - - - - 9 Nashik + + - - - - - - + - - - - - 87 Division: Aurangabad 10 Aurangabad + + + - - - - - - - - - - - 11 Beed + - - - - - - - - - - - - - 12 Hingoli + + + - + - - - - + + + + - 13 Jalana + - - - - - - - - - - - - - 14 Latur + + + - + - - - - - - - - - 15 Nanded + + + - + - - - - - - - - - 16 Osmanabad + + + - + - - - - - - - - - 17 Parbhani + + + - + + - - - - - - - - Division: Pune 18 Kolhapur + + + + + + - - - - - - - - 19 Pune + + + - - - - - - - - - - - 20 Sangli + + + - - + + - - - - - - - 21 Satara + + + - + + - + - - - - - - 22 Solapur + + + - + + - - - - - - - - 88 Division: Nagpur 23 Bhandara 24 Chandrapur - + + - + - - - - - - - - - 25 Gadchiroli - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 26 Gondia + - - - - - - - - - - - - - 27 Nagpur + + + + + - - - - - - - - - 28 Wardha + + + + + - - - - - - - - - Division: Kokan 29 Mumbai + + + - - - - - - - - - - - 30 Ratnagiri + - - - - - - - - - - - - - 31 Raigad - + + - - - - - - - - - - + 32 Sindhudurga + - + - - + - - - - - - - - 33 Thane + + + - - - - - - - - - - - Note: “+” sign indicate = Present, “-” sign indicate = absent. 89 The algae found in Maharashtra State were in large extent due to its availability of water reservoir like river, lake and dam. Algae are very large and diverse group of simple, autotrophic organisms and ranging from unicellular to multicellular. The classification of algae on the basis of pigment, external form, chromatophore shape, reserve food products, cell wall, nucleus, chromosome, type of reproduction and ecological data. Basically algae are two type`s macro and micro respectively. The algae database was studied are shown in Table 3.1 and 3. 2. i. Algae found in Amrawati Division of Maharashtra State The Amrawati division consists of five districts, Amrawati, Akola, Buldgana, Washim and Yawatmal. Fule U.W. et al. (2012) reported that the plankton diversity in Nal-Damayanti (Simbhora) reservoir in Taluka Morshi, District, Amrawati. The evaluation result was consisting of four groups of algae. The algae phytoplankton possesses 23 species; Chlorophyceae was dominant by counting 11 species followed by Cynophyceae by 5 species, Bacillariophyceae by 4 species and Euglenophyceae by 2 species. Cherian K.J. et al. (2012) was observed algae in crop soil field of Orange, Jowar, Tuar, Soyabean, Cotton, Ground and vegetable field. In all 49 algal species identified from this field out of which 25 belonged of Chlorophyceae, 1 belonged to Xanthophyceae, 6 belonged to Euglenophyceae and 17 belonged to Bacillariophyceae. The growth of algae promoted due to presence of high organic compound in soil crop field. Algae help to prevent the erosion of soil and increase fertility of soil. The greater biodiversity of algae in pond and soil crop field was observed in Amrawati. Deshmukh D.V. et al. (2014) was isolated four genera of Cynophyceae from alkaline Lake Lonar, situated in the Buldhana district. Mukund Dhore et al. (2012) reported, the macrophytes found in fresh water bodies of Washim district. The macrophytes of family Hydrocharitaceae, Characeae, Hydrocharitaceae, Najadaceae, Aponogetonaceae, Ceratophyllaeae, Hydrocharitaeae, Typhaceae, Hydrocharitaceae and Plantaginaceae were observed. Joshi P.P. (2012) was evaluated algal species from Yawatmal district. The algae species were observed from family Hydrochartaceae, Potamogetonaceae, Convolvulaceae, Hydrocharitaceae, Polygonaceae, Najadaceae, Cyperaceae, Cladophoraceae, Typhaceae, Characeae, Lemnaceae, Nostocaceae, Nymphacaceae, 90 Paniceae, Graminaea, Chlorophyceae and Salviniaceae. The potential algal flora was found in Amrawati Division of Maharashtra State. ii. Algae found in Nashik Division of Maharashtra State The Nashik division consists of five districts, Ahemdnagar, Dhule, Jalgaon, Nandurbar and Nashik. Dhamak R. M. et al. (2013) reported phytoplankton from Bhanardara Dam, Ahemdnagar district. The variation in the group of algae was seen in which 5 species of Cyanophceae, 22 species of Chlorophyceae, 14 species of Bacillariophceae has been observed. Pingle S.D. et al. (2009) reported algae found in fresh water reservoir in Ahmednagar district belonging class Cyanophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Euglenophyceae, Xanthophyceae and Dinophyceae. Nerpagar P.B. et al. (2011) investigated algae from Dhule and Jalgaon District. The 36 algal taxa were reported, 9 belonging from Cyanophyceae, 8 belonging from Chlorophyceae, 11 belonging from Bacillariophyceae and 6 belonging from Euglenophyceae. The class Bacillariophyceae is dominant group observed than