Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(4): 1124-1131 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 6 Number 4 (2017) pp. 1124-1131 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.604.139 Management of Black Pepper Economy in Kodagu District of Karnataka, India M.S. Yogesh* Agriculture Development and Rural Transformation Center (ADRTC) Institute for Social and Economic Change (ISEC), Bengaluru– 560072, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT This paper attempts to know the management of black pepper economy in Kodagu district of Karnataka. Today in India, these states fits in with the Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Pondicherry states of India. The Karnataka state production of black pepper is 8048 K e yw or ds metric tonnes with covering 28182 ha of area in the period 2013-14. The major districts which grow black pepper in Karnataka state were Kodagu, Chikkamagaluru, Hassan, Benefit cost, Black pepper, Dakshina Kannada, Shimoga, Uttara Kannada and Udupi. Kodagu area has 3 taluks. It has establis hment cost, been found that all the 3 taluks growing the black pepper which are Virajpet, Madikeri and Kodagu and Somwarpet were chosen for the study. The statistical technique, Benefit Cost Ratio is maintenance cost. utilized to know economy of black pepper. Systematic implementation is vital for better production by expanded through higher yield varieties were panniyur series, sreekara etc, Article Info and appropriation of superior post-harvest technologies. The privately owned business Accepted: houses must come up to bolster the growers, especially small and medium growers of 12 March 2017 black pepper. Processing units should be developed for wide expansion of value added Available Online: products of pepper, are utilized as a part of pharmaceutical industries, preservatives, 10 April 2017 antioxidant, antiseptic and antibiotic properties. Besides, they also play quite a significant part in the national economics of India. The black pepper value added products are good in demand nowadays, due to globalization and liberalization have postured the challenges to Indian spices, which is the significant export gaining commodity. Introduction Black pepper assumed crucial part all increased to little production extent of 8048 through history and it is local to India and metric tonnes with covering of 28182 ha of broadly developed in tropical areas. area during the period 2013-14. The district- Ravindran P N (2012), described that the wise area and production of black pepper in black pepper has its origins in the ancient Karnataka during 2002-03 to 2013-14, the Malabar Coast and the black pepper trade area and production of the black pepper is was initially restricted to this region, which analyzed by average growth. Kodagu district was trading with Arab countries and pepper is the major district in which stands first plantations which were established in position with 8845.6 ha, second is Malaysia and Indonesia islands. In Karnataka Chikkamagaluru with 4399.8 ha, third state production of black pepper is 7567 position Hassan 2917.8 ha followed by metric tonnes with an area of 12265 ha Dakshina Kannada with of 2066.8 ha, during the 2002-03. In the recent past, area is Shimoga holds 820.66 ha, Uttara Kannada 1124 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(4): 1124-1131 with 335.16 ha. However other districts have small growers and discard these produce to an area 356.58 ha in Karnataka state. In the the retail exchange, at a cost determined by scenario of Karnataka, major district are demand and supply. taken in that Kodagu district stands first position with 3318.7 metric tonnes, second is The main objectives include to study the area Chikkamagaluru with 1833.1 metric tonnes, and production of black pepper in Kodagu third position Hassan 1366.3 metric tonnes district. And to examine the marketing cost followed by Dakshina Kannada with of 557.5 and growers returns of black pepper in study metric tonnes, Shimoga holds 257.08 metric area. tonnes, Uttara Kannada with 153 metric tonnes and Udupi covers with 115 metric Materials and Methods tonnes. However other districts have an area 152.53 metric tonnes (Horticulture statistics The study has taken into account the both of Karnataka state at a glance 2013-14). In primary and secondary information. Primary Kodagu district, three taluks are classified data was gathered during 2015 from black into Virajpet 5674 ha, Madikeri 3383 ha, pepper growers through well-structured Somwarpet 1918 ha in 2013-14. Anita Rosli questionnaire. Kodagu area has 3 taluks, it et al., (2013) Farm maintenance requires has been found that all the 3 taluks growing preparation before and after harvest season to the black pepper which are Virajpet, minimize the damages of pepper vines and to Madikeri and Somwarpet taluks were chosen maintain quality and quantity of pepper for the study. There are 296 villages from all berries. Farm maintenance includes the 3 taluks of the Kodagu region. I analyzed mounding, liming before planting, pruning, 10 per cent of villages which are growing weeds control, fertilizing, and pest and black pepper for my study. I have chosen 7 disease control.The India’s import of black villages in Madikeri taluk, 14 villages in pepper has been diminishing progressively Somwarpet taluk and 9 villages in Virajpet from 17565 metric tonnes in 2011-12 to taluk on the premise of growing villages. 15680 metric tonnes in latest year 2013-14, Hence, an aggregate 30 villages have been (Spices Board Statistics - 2015). randomly chosen with the end goal of study, from each village 10 black pepper growers India has stable in production of 58000 have been randomly decided for interviews. metric tonnes of black pepper (International The sample size is 300 black pepper growers Pepper Community Statistics, 2015). Pepper were chosen and interviewed randomly from marketing channels comprises of growers, the every one of the three black pepper middlemen assembling business, Terminal producing taluks for the study. markets then domestic market and exporters. Under the present framework the growers The respondent’s conclusion was gathered can offer their produce in so many ways. from field review from black pepper growers. The statistical techniques are adopted to draw The most generally practiced marketing a positive and precise conclusion in the channel is collecting directly from the proposed study. The secondary information growers by the local merchants, wholesale was gathered from different sources like traders and then that the exporters who is the Spice Board of India, State Horticulture final link in the chain. The private sector Department, and the International Pepper operation is principally through commission Community. agents who collect the produce from the 1125 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(4): 1124-1131 Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR) respectively. The third annual average maintenance cost was Rs. 12430. The total It is the ratio of discounted cash inflows expenditure of establishment cost of (project benefits) to the discounted cash materials Rs. 56360 per acre for first three outflows (project costs) which must be more years. The labour cost included the cost of than unity for a private enterprise to be labour employed for land preparation, considered worthy for investment. digging and filling pits, planting, application manure and fertilizers, chemicals application BCR= Present Worth of Benefits/ Present for plant protection, weeding, irrigation and Worth of Costs miscellaneous cost includes mulching, -n ∑ (Bn/ (1+d) ) thrashing, shade regulation and harvesting. The total labour expenditure on BCR = establishment of pepper plantations out of -n ∑ (Cn/ (1+d) ) Rs. 29600 for 100 labourers, first year cost Rs. 16500 with the 58 labourers, the second Where, annual establishment slightly lower than first Bn = Benefits in each year year 6850 cost for 22 labourers. The third Cn = Costs in each year year cost with 20 labourers was Rs. 6250. N = Number of years The results are in line with Tejaswi et al., D = Discount rate (2006), studied the establishment cost of coffee and black pepper as a mixed crop and Results and Discussion also maintenance cost of coffee and pepper plantations. Table 1 reveals the expenditure on material and labour cost of all activities made for The annual average maintenance cost in the black pepper plantation was classified into black pepper plantations were also classified establishment cost and maintenance cost. The into material and labour cost. The material estimation included both establishment and cost were the cost incurred during the maintenance cost. The cost spending in maintenance of the plantation when it started establishing the black pepper plantation up to bearing, which is from the third year three years formed the total value of the onwards. The material cost included the cost pepper plantation was Rs. 85960 per acre. of FYM, chemical fertilizers, irrigation, lime, The establishment cost in the black pepper fuel, harvesting materials and miscellaneous plantations were classified into material cost expenses. The labour cost included the cost and labour cost. The material and labour cost of labour employed for the irrigation, incurred during the first three years were application of FYM, application of chemical considered. The total value of establishment fertilizers, tying vines, liming application, of black pepper plantations Rs. 85960 and pruning (mulching and trashing), harvesting, the work force of 100 labourers for 3years. pepper drying, bagging transportation, The material cost included items like black marketing, miscellaneous expenditure. pepper plants/ cuttings, FYM, chemical fertilizers (urea, phosphate, potash and lime), Annual average maintenance cost of irrigation materials and miscellaneous. The blackpepper plantations first year for establishing material cost per acre was Rs. 32600. The second year Table 2 exhibits the cost incurred towards material cost for establishment quantity, material and labour during the bearing period expenditure of Rs.