BETWEEN THE BAYOUS: THE MARITIME CULTURAL LANDSCAPE OF THE DOWNTOWN PENSACOLA WATERFRONT by Kendra Ann Kennedy B.A., University of Notre Dame, 2002 A thesis submitted to the Department of Anthropology College of Arts and Sciences The University of West Florida In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts 2010 2010 Kendra Ann Kennedy The thesis of Kendra Ann Kennedy is approved: ____________________________________________ _________________ Elizabeth D. Benchley, Ph.D., Committee Member Date ____________________________________________ _________________ Amy M. Mitchell-Cook, Ph.D., Committee Member Date ____________________________________________ _________________ Gregory D. Cook, M.A., Committee Member Date ____________________________________________ _________________ John R. Bratten, Ph.D., Committee Chair Date Accepted for the Department/Division: ____________________________________________ _________________ John R. Bratten, Ph.D., Chair Date Accepted for the University: ____________________________________________ _________________ Richard S. Podemski, Ph.D., Dean of Graduate Studies Date ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The completion of this study of the Pensacola waterfront, including the fieldwork and archival research that went into its preparation, has been simultaneously stimulating and nerve wracking. Without the support of family, friends, professors, colleagues, and benefactors, its completion would simply not have been possible. For that reason, I wish to thank the many individuals who assisted during the course of this project. First and foremost, I owe a debt of gratitude to Hal and Pat Marcus, generous founders and supporters of the Marcus Fellowship in Historical Archaeology, which provided the financial assistance that allowed me to complete the writing of this thesis. Thank you also to Dr. Judith Bense, University of West Florida (UWF) president and staunch supporter of archaeology in Northwest Florida, for accepting me into the Historical Archaeology program and finding ways to provide financial assistance and support. To Dr. John Bratten, committee chair, exceptional professor, and esteemed King of Diagolonia, thank you for your steady encouragement and your ninja sense of humor. To Dr. Elizabeth Benchley, committee member and font of knowledge, thank you for your excellent advice and for suggesting a study of the Pensacola waterfront, which resulted in this thesis. I hope you are pleased with the results. To Dr. Amy Mitchell- Cook and Master and Commander Gregory Cook, the dynamic duo of maritime history and archaeology, thank you for your constant support and compendious comments, as iv well as the steady stream of humorous banter and truly dreadful jokes that kept my spirits high and a smile on my face (Bayou Self!). Together, the four of you formed the “dream team” of academic committees. The outstanding guidance and straightforward advice of Karen Mims, Archaeology Institute Office Administrator, and Cindi Rogers, Department of Anthropology Office Manager, kept me on track even when no one else knew the answers. For that, thank you! To Lee McKenzie, computer guru, thank you for both your pithy observations and your willingness to instruct a lowly graduate student in the mysterious ways of thesis image production. Maritime archaeology field operations are often fraught with complications and minor disasters, but UWF is fortunate to have its own Marine Services Center complete with a knowledgeable and practical staff. Thank you to Steve McLin, Director of Marine Services; Dwight Gievers, Dive Safety Officer; and Robert Delossantos, brilliant technician, for keeping me and my crew out on the water and working rather than idle and back at the boathouse. Thank you also for preventing those minor disasters before they happened and making sure we were all well trained and safety conscious. Close to UWF’s Marine Services Center, the Goat Lips Deli and Dinner House provided a haven for weary, parched divers after a lengthy day out on the water. Co- owners Larry Cowan and Tom Thayer were always ready with a cool beverage and a tasty repast to ease our thirst and appease our hunger. Tom and Larry, thanks for offering a great local hangout, for always knowing our names, and for always being glad we came, even when we walked in smelling like Pensacola Bay after a long day in the field. v Fieldwork is only one aspect of a Historical Archaeology thesis; historical research is also essential. Thank you to Dr. Jay Clune and Dr. Matthew Clavin of the History Department for your engrossing courses and ardent encouragement. To Dr. John Worth of the Anthropology Department, thank you for your assistance in deciphering Spanish colonial handwriting and locating elusive maps in distant foreign archives. Thank you also to fellow graduate students Josh Broxson, Amanda McDonough, and Stephen Ove, who taught me that history students are actually pretty normal and fun. Since the archival research for this thesis was conducted throughout Escambia County and far beyond, there are many individuals who assisted at various stages. Though I did not stay long enough to learn their names, the staff of the National Archives of the UK in Kew, London, was conscientious and dedicated; that was much appreciated. My research at the National Archives of the UK was made possible through the receipt of a Graduate Student Scholarly and Creative Activity Grant from the UWF Scholarly and Creative Activities Committee and an award from the Pensacola Archaeological Society. My thanks to both organizations for providing the opportunity to apply for the funding that made my trip to London possible. Closer to home, members of the Bottle Research Group, including William Lindsey, William Lockhart, Carol Serr, and Peter Schulz, provided valuable references about bottle types and marks similar to those found on the large rock pile. Dr. James Cusick, of the University of Florida George A. Smathers Libraries’ Special and Area Studies Collections, lent numerous reels of microfilmed Spanish documents through official channels so that I could avoid the cost of prolonged stays in Gainesville. In Pensacola, Jacki Wilson and Carolyn Prime of West Florida Historic Preservation, Inc., vi searched through the files of the Pensacola Historical Society and assisted in the digital reproduction of several key images included in this thesis. Carolyn Kibert, of the Escambia County Clerk of Circuit Court Official Records Division, walked me through the process of historic deeds research and helped me uncover a wealth of information about the two rock piles described in this thesis. Quite a few “Eureka” moments occurred while poring over property deeds and plat maps in downtown Pensacola. At UWF’s John C. Pace Library, the current and former staff of the Interlibrary Loan Department, especially Stephen Fluharty and Joseph King, quickly and efficiently obtained any books I requested that were not available at the Library itself. This essential service immensely facilitated my research. Melissa Finley Gonzalez, History Librarian at the John C. Pace Library, helped me in numerous ways and consistently presented a smile and an upbeat attitude that brightened even my darkest research days. Dean Debolt, Jessica Chapman, and the late Katrina King, all of Special Collections at the John C. Pace Library, spent countless hours tracking down archival documents and answering my persistent questions. In addition, many other library staff members provided invaluable assistance during the course of my research. Lastly, Helen Richards, the UWF Graduate School Thesis and Dissertation Coordinator, made sure this thesis was correctly formatted and organized. Thank you, all, for your crucial assistance. Thank you also to the dozens of students who assisted with fieldwork and artifact conservation throughout the course of this project, especially during the summer 2008 maritime field school, the fall of 2008, and in the fall 2008 “Conservation of Archaeological Materials” class. Several fellow UWF students formed a core team that completed the bulk of the fieldwork and/or provided much needed humor, innovation, vii and enthusiasm. Thank you to Wayne Abrahamson, Christine Mavrick, Bill Neal, Dean Nones, Hans Werner Schmid III, and Siska Williams. Wayne, your constant assistance and Bangkok stories were always appreciated. Mav, you and I managed to survive an amazing amount of frustration together; I do hope we manage to forget it all someday. Bill, you are a trusted friend, wonderful person, and definitely my horse. Dean, you are the best roommate ever. Hans, your sense of humor always lifted everyone’s spirits, including mine. Siska, you were always there to lend an ear and a helping hand, which made all the difference. My experience at UWF would have been so much poorer without all of you; I count myself lucky to call you both friends and colleagues. During long, sleepless nights, when much of this thesis was written, two companions regularly kept vigil with me, napping nearby or providing occasional warm, fuzzy escapes from the horrors of poor word choice and incomplete citations. Mulder and Krycek, though you will never read this, you have often gotten extra treats for your unceasing loyalty to such a crazy owner. I promise life will be a little calmer now. In conclusion, I especially wish to thank my parents, Robert and Marsha Kennedy, for the encouragement to pursue my passions and, more recently, for their insightful proofreading, indispensable nudges in the right