Why Do Kenyans Vote Along Ethnic Lines?

Why Do Kenyans Vote Along Ethnic Lines?

Why do Kenyans vote along ethnic lines? A Study of Underlying Rationales for Kenyan Electoral Behaviour (31,386 words) Sigrid Archer Master Thesis Department of Political Science, University of Oslo June 2009 Table of contents TABLE OF CONTENTS.......................................................................................................................................I ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ...........................................................................................................III MAP OF KENYA................................................................................................................................................IV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..................................................................................................................................V CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 RESEARCH QUESTION .................................................................................................................................... 3 1.2 STRUCTURE OF THE THESIS ........................................................................................................................... 4 CHAPTER 2 - BACKGROUND TO KENYA.................................................................................................... 6 2.1 THE RUN-UP TO INDEPENDENCE .................................................................................................................... 6 2.1.1 Developments in Central Province....................................................................................................... 7 2.1.2 Developments in the Rift Valley............................................................................................................ 8 2.1.3 The Mau Mau ....................................................................................................................................... 8 2.1.4 Settlement schemes ............................................................................................................................... 9 2.2 THE EVOLUTION OF POLITICAL PARTIES – KANU AND KADU ................................................................... 11 2.2.1 Constitutional debate and the dissolution of KADU........................................................................... 12 2.2.2 The Kenyatta Era................................................................................................................................ 13 2.2.3 Daniel Toroitich arap Moi.................................................................................................................. 16 2.3 POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN THE 1990S ................................................................................................... 18 2.3.1 From one-party state to multi-party state........................................................................................... 18 2.3.2 The elections of 1992 and 1997.......................................................................................................... 19 2.4 A NEW DEMOCRATIC ERA?......................................................................................................................... 22 2.4.1 Towards a new national alliance........................................................................................................ 22 2.4.2 New hope and prosperity.................................................................................................................... 24 2.4 3 Constitutional affairs.......................................................................................................................... 24 2.5 THE 2007 ELECTIONS .................................................................................................................................. 26 2.5.1 The campaign ..................................................................................................................................... 26 2.5.2 Results and Violence........................................................................................................................... 28 CHAPTER 3 – THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK.......................................................................................... 29 3.1 VOTER BEHAVIOUR ..................................................................................................................................... 30 3.1.1 Social structure................................................................................................................................... 30 3.1.2 Long-term predispositions.................................................................................................................. 31 3.1.3 Short-term factors............................................................................................................................... 33 3.2 THEORIES OF ETHNICITY ............................................................................................................................. 36 3.2.1 Primordialism and instrumentalism ................................................................................................... 37 3.2.2 Ethnopolitics....................................................................................................................................... 38 3.3 POLITICAL ENTREPRENEURS IN WEAK INSTITUTIONS................................................................................... 39 3.4 VOTING BEHAVIOUR IN AN ETHNICISED SOCIETY ........................................................................................ 41 CHAPTER 4 – METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH: ................................................................................... 44 A QUALITATIVE CASE STUDY .................................................................................................................... 44 4.1 SELECTION OF CASE: KENYA....................................................................................................................... 45 4.2 FIELDWORK IN KOROGOCHO AND UASIN GISHU ......................................................................................... 45 4.2.1 Korogocho .......................................................................................................................................... 47 4.2.2 Uasin Gishu........................................................................................................................................ 47 4.2.3 Data Collection .................................................................................................................................. 48 4.3 METHODOLOGICAL LIMITATIONS ................................................................................................................ 52 CHAPTER 5 - ANALYSIS................................................................................................................................. 53 5.1 ETHNIC DIVISIONS ....................................................................................................................................... 53 i 5.1.1 Elite manipulation and the politicisation of ethnicity......................................................................... 54 5.1.2 Politicisation of ethnicity; summed up................................................................................................ 60 5.2 SOCIAL CLEAVAGES – ETHNICITY, RELIGION AND CLASS............................................................................. 61 5.2.1 Ethnicity.............................................................................................................................................. 61 5.2.2 Religion .............................................................................................................................................. 62 5.2.3 Class ................................................................................................................................................... 63 5.3 LONG-TERM PREDISPOSITIONS .................................................................................................................... 64 5.3.1 Party identification – KANU .............................................................................................................. 64 5.3.2 Value orientations............................................................................................................................... 66 5.3.3 Ideology.............................................................................................................................................. 67 5.3.4 Clientelism.......................................................................................................................................... 70 5.4 SHORT-TERM FACTORS................................................................................................................................72 5.4.1 Issue voting......................................................................................................................................... 72 5.4.2 Retrospective voting ........................................................................................................................... 78 5.4.3 Party leaders ...................................................................................................................................... 79 5.4.4 Vote buying........................................................................................................................................

View Full Text

Details

  • File Type
    pdf
  • Upload Time
    -
  • Content Languages
    English
  • Upload User
    Anonymous/Not logged-in
  • File Pages
    103 Page
  • File Size
    -

Download

Channel Download Status
Express Download Enable

Copyright

We respect the copyrights and intellectual property rights of all users. All uploaded documents are either original works of the uploader or authorized works of the rightful owners.

  • Not to be reproduced or distributed without explicit permission.
  • Not used for commercial purposes outside of approved use cases.
  • Not used to infringe on the rights of the original creators.
  • If you believe any content infringes your copyright, please contact us immediately.

Support

For help with questions, suggestions, or problems, please contact us