CONFIRMING PAGES Chapter 9 Conquests, Crusades, and Persecutions, c. 1100–1300 225 M T B R U ig F r Y O i Z K S s A J U N E L COUNTY OF T S I EDESSA N OM OF 1098–1144 E NGD E KI NIA M RME Edessa P A I R E E Antioch uphrat PRINCIPALITY es OF ANTIOCH 1098–1268 CYPRUS COUNTY OF Tripoli TRIPOLI 1109–1289 MEDITERRANEAN SEA Damascus Acre Hattin KINGDOM OF Sea of JERUSALEM Galilee 1099–1187 n a ABBASID EMPIRE d r Jaffa o J (UNDER CONTROL OF Jerusalem Dead SELJUK SULTANS) Sea FATAMID (LATER, AYYUBID) CALIPHATE Cairo 0 50 100150 200 miles 0 50 100150 200 kilometers e l i N Red Sea Map 9.3 The Crusader States, c. 1100–1300 The First Crusade established four “Latin” states in the Middle East that were ruled by crusaders from Western Europe and their descendants. As this map shows, these four states formed a small sliver of Catholic-controlled territory that faced the Mediterranean on one side and various Muslim states on most other sides. These fragile crusader states eventually crumbled, but for much of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, they were outposts of Western culture in the East. As Map 9.3 shows, the conquered lands were organized into four crusader states: the county of Edessa, the principality of Antioch (ruled by a son of Robert Guiscard), the county of Tripoli, and the kingdom of Jerusalem. This last was the most important, and the king of Jerusalem was theoretically the overlord of the other three states. In fact, however, he had diffi culty enforcing his authority outside his own kingdom and sometimes even within it. The crusader states were tormented from the beginning by rivalries and dissension. Despite their earlier promises, nei- ther the king of Jerusalem nor his counts offered any homage to the emperor in Constantinople. ben85506_ch09_211-235.indd 225 10/27/09 8:17:21 AM.