Zootaxa 4251 (1): 001–124 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) http://www.mapress.com/j/zt/ Monograph ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2017 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4251.1.1 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:AB112ABA-D228-4E0F-B64D-371BE55C2FDA ZOOTAXA 4251 The use of bioacoustics in anuran taxonomy: theory, terminology, methods and recommendations for best practice JÖRN KÖHLER1, MARTIN JANSEN2, ARIEL RODRÍGUEZ3,4, PHILIPPE J. R. KOK5,6, LUÍS FELIPE TOLEDO7, MIKE EMMRICH8, FRANK GLAW9, CÉLIO F. B. HADDAD10, MARK-OLIVER RÖDEL8 & MIGUEL VENCES3,* 1Hessisches Landesmuseum Darmstadt, Friedensplatz 1, 64283 Darmstadt, Germany. E-mail: [email protected] 2Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany. E-mail: [email protected] 3Zoological Institute, Technical University of Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstr. 4, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] 4Present address: Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover (TiHo), Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany 5Amphibian Evolution Lab, Biology Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 2 Pleinlaan, 1050 Brussels, Belgium. E-mail: [email protected] 6Department of Recent Vertebrates, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, 29 rue Vautier, 1000 Brussels, Belgium 7Laboratório de História Natural de Anfíbios Brasileiros (LaHNAB), Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia (IB), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), 13083-970, Caixa Postal 6109, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil. E-mail: [email protected] 8Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Invalidenstr. 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany. E-mail:[email protected], [email protected] 9Zoologische Staatssammlung München (ZSM-SNSB), Münchhausenstr. 21, 81247 München, Germany. E-mail: [email protected] 10Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Instituto de Biociências and Centro de Aquicultura (CAUNESP), Câmpus Rio Claro, 13506-900 Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil. E-mail:[email protected] *Corresponding author Magnolia Press Auckland, New Zealand Accepted by P. Simoes: 16 Jan. 2017; published: 11 Apr. 2017 Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0 JÖRN KÖHLER, MARTIN JANSEN, ARIEL RODRÍGUEZ, PHILIPPE J. R. KOK, LUÍS FELIPE TOLEDO, MIKE EMMRICH, FRANK GLAW, CÉLIO F. B. HADDAD, MARK-OLIVER RÖDEL & MIGUEL VENCES The use of bioacoustics in anuran taxonomy: theory, terminology, methods and recommendations for best practice ( Zootaxa 4251) 124 pp.; 30 cm. 11 Apr. 2017 ISBN 978-1-77670-116-2 (paperback) ISBN 978-1-77670-117-9 (Online edition) FIRST PUBLISHED IN 2017 BY Magnolia Press P.O. Box 41-383 Auckland 1346 New Zealand e-mail: [email protected] http://www.mapress.com/j/zt © 2017 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5326 (Print edition) ISSN 1175-5334 (Online edition) 2 · Zootaxa 4251 (1) © 2017 Magnolia Press KÖHLER ET AL. Table of contents Abstract . 4 Introduction . 4 Terminology of sounds and sound production . 5 Sound production in anurans. 5 Functional categories of anuran vocalizations . 12 Spectral and temporal variables in anuran vocalizations . 14 Sound categories in anuran calls . 18 Units and terms recommended for the description of anuran calls . 20 Call-centered and note-centered terminological schemes. 23 Intraspecific variation in frog advertisement calls . 26 Variation within individuals . 29 Energetics and endocrine control . 29 Static and dynamic call traits . 29 Social context and acoustic environment . 30 Temperature . 31 Variation through time: body condition and fatigue . 32 Variation in call traits within and among breeding seasons . 33 Variation among individuals of the same population . 37 Body size and individual recognition . 38 Physical and physiological handicaps . 39 Variation among (geographically separate) conspecific populations . 39 Geography and genetics . 40 Adaptations to different environments . 41 Character displacement. 41 Effects of hybridization . 42 Species identification and delimitation by advertisement calls . 42 Interpretation of call differences in taxonomic practice . 44 Calling motivation . 44 Qualitative call differences . 46 Geographic setting, concordance and comparability . 47 Quantitative call differences: sympatry versus allopatry . 47 Usage of statistics in call comparisons . 50 Useful call traits in taxonomy . 51 Recommendations for call descriptions used in anuran taxonomy . 56 Verifiability of call recordings. 57 Voucher specimens and photos . 57 DNA barcoding . 58 Collection management of sound recordings . 59 Technical equipment and software for call recording and analysis. 60 Recording equipment . 60 Ultrasounds . 63 Available sound analysis software . 64 Automated recording and signal recognition . 66 Common pitfalls and recommendations for recording and editing sounds. 68 Conclusive remarks and future perspective . ..