Abstract At first glance, baseball, current controversies in the US-Japan bilateral relationship, and Japanese Prime Minister Shinzō Abe’s recent increase in international diplomatic visits may appear to have little connection. Despite their disparate spheres of origin, however, these seemingly unrelated phenomena have deep interconnections. Baseball has historically been known as “America’s pastime.” While it was Americans who originally popularized the game, however, the sport has since spread and gained traction across the globe. Japan represents one such example of baseball adoption: the sport has become a staple of Japanese leisure culture since its introduction in the early 1870s. With its own professional baseball organization and an immensely popular high school competition, Japan has long been a state populated by baseball fanatics. Since its inception, baseball in Japan has evolved and changed countless times. Many of the most significant changes have occurred in periods of considerable political development or transformation in the state. This project examines the links between identity, politics, and sports, drawing on theoretical concepts and historical events to explore the ways in which baseball and politics in Japan have influenced each other. The study also examines and ultimately dispels the myth of ‘samurai’ baseball, a widely disseminated interpretation of the Japanese version of the sport that perpetuates stereotypes about Japanese collectivism. Through this project, I also explore the actual differences between Japanese and American professional baseball and analyze the significance of these differences in the context of the bilateral relationship. Finally, drawing on recent trends and current events, I consider the perceived ‘crisis’ of Japanese baseball, the future of the sport in the Japanese state, and the impact a potential drop in popularity would have on the US-Japan partnership. By analyzing Japanese language newspaper articles in conjunction with changes in institutional foreign player restrictions, I demonstrate the connection between baseball and politics in Japan. Through a consideration of recent events in Japanese politics, I also come to the conclusion that though Japanese baseball has not reached crisis level, it may soon be surpassed in popularity by soccer. This change could, in turn, signify a decline in the importance of the bilateral relationship between Japan and the United States. From Ichikō to Ma-Kun: The Politics of Baseball in the US-Japan Bilateral Relationship Emma Murphy Senior Honors Thesis Spring 2015 Table of Contents Project Advisors…………………………………………………………………………………...1 Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………………………..2 Introduction: Becoming a (Japanese) Baseball Fan……………………………………………4 Chapter One: Sports, Politics, and Identity………………………………………………….....9 Framing the Discussion……………………………………………………………………9 Identity in Sports and Politics…………………………………………………………….10 Leisure Culture through a Political Lens…………………………………………………19 Historical Significance of Baseball in Japanese and American Identities………………..22 Conclusions………………………………………………………………………………25 Chapter Two: A Political History of Japanese Baseball……………………………………....27 The Evolution of a Game……………………………………….………………………...27 The Beginning: Baseball as a Symbol of Modernization………………………………....28 Rise of Bushidō Baseball…………………………………………………………………30 Colonial Baseball and Its Legacy………………………………………………………...32 Commercialization and Individualism in Japanese Baseball……………………………..36 The Turn to Nationalism: Baseball in the World War II Era…………………………...…37 ‘Democratic’ Baseball……………………………………………………………………40 The Postwar Years: Policies towards Gaijin Senshū……………………………………..41 Chapter Three: The Myth of ‘Samurai Baseball’……………………………………………...51 The Samurai Baseball Myth……………………………………………………………...51 Concrete Differences between MLB and NPB…………………………………………...57 “That’s Japanese-style Baseball”: Identity Intersectionality in NPB and MLB…………..71 Chapter Four: The Crisis of Japanese Baseball………………………………………………77 Baseball in Decline?……………………………………………………………………...77 Factors Affecting Baseball’s Popularity………………………………………………….78 Political Explanations for and Implications of Baseball’s Decline………………………89 The Reality of the Baseball Crisis………………………………………………………...93 Chapter Five: The Future of Baseball and the Bilateral Relationship……………………….95 Baseball in the Abe Era…………………………………………………………………..95 The Renewed Nationalism of Abe’s Japan………………………………………….........95 Sports in Abe’s Japan…………………………………………………………………...100 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………..109 Bibliography…………………………………………………………………………………...113 Murphy 1 Project Advisors Primary Advisor Joshua Roth, Professor of Anthropology Second Reader Andrew Reiter, Assistant Professor of Politics Third Reader Jonathon Lipman, Professor of History Murphy 2 Acknowledgements I am heavily indebted to the many incredible and encouraging professors (two of whom advised this project while on sabbatical) who have offered their unwavering support, both during this undertaking and throughout my entire academic career. To Professor Joshua Roth, my primary advisor for this thesis, I cannot thank you enough for your tireless feedback on each and every aspect of each and every section. Without your dedication, guidance, and kindness, the timely completion of this project would have been unfathomable. Thank you, a thousand times over, for putting up with my whims and reassuring me in my moments of self-doubt. To Professor Andy Reiter, thank you for completing and unintentionally changing the course of my academic career in the best way imaginable. I could not even begin to list all the ways in which you have supported, encouraged, challenged, and motivated me over the past four years. For your comprehensive feedback and perpetual willingness to go above and beyond the call of duty, all I can say is thank you. To Professor Jonathon Lipman, for enthusiastically agreeing to work with me on this project after a single semester, I am so grateful for your help. Thank you for the hours you spent discussing the intricacies and oddities of Nihonjinron with me. To Professor Jane Crosthwaite, for encouraging me to pursue this project from the earliest days of its conception, I cannot thank you enough for your constant encouragement. Thank you, additionally, for your continued support in all of my most outrageous endeavors. To Professor William Kelly, for your extraordinarily thorough reading suggestions and advice. To Sharon Domier, for your patience and dedication in helping me locate endless stores of Japanese news articles. To the Barbara Yen Sun family and the Mount Holyoke College Asian Studies department, for your generosity in making this project possible. To the staff and faculty of the Associated Kyoto Program, for providing the assistance necessary to allow me to attend baseball games and conduct research throughout the Kansai region. Research for this thesis was conducted at the Library of Congress and was facilitated by the staff of the Asian Reading Room. I am also grateful to the staff at the National Baseball Hall of Fame in Cooperstown, New York, for their assistance. To Allegra, my cohost and playlist maker extraordinaire, for listening to my rants, commiserating with me over chapter deadlines, and making me laugh so hard I cry too many times to count. Murphy 3 To Hannah, my travel buddy and source of inspiration in more ways than one, for your encouragement in absolutely everything. I would never have made it through this process without you there to support me. To Maddy, for eighteen years of love and motivation. I would not be the person I am if I didn’t have you. To Darren and Neil, for providing high quality banter consistently throughout the thesis process. Last but most definitely not least, thank you to my endlessly amazing family. To my hilarious, inspirational mother and favorite Mount Holyoke alumna, you were right: this college was exactly the right fit for me. To Declan, I apologize for consistently taking advantage of your boundless compassion. No one else makes me laugh until my sides ache. To my father, what can I say? Thank you for Nabokov, NRBQ, baseball, and a walking speed that now annoys my friends in the same way it once annoyed me. Thank you all for being as close to perfect as humanly possible. Murphy 4 Introduction: Becoming a (Japanese) Baseball Fan Osaka’s Kōshien on game day is a beautiful thing. The stadium, top among Japan’s most famous sporting arenas, is home to Japanese baseball’s beloved Hanshin Tigers. I first visited Kōshien on an unbearably sticky day in late September. Even hours before the game, the stadium was swarming with fans decked out in endless variations of the Tigers signature pinstripe attire, all brandishing miniature bats to use during the game as cheering implements. Kōshien’s unique and somewhat remote location necessitates travel by a special train, fostering an instant sense of that distinct camaraderie formed between fellow passengers on a manin densha (completely packed train, with no room for comfortable movement or personal space of any kind). We had all breathed a sigh of relief as the train doors opened, though the respite was short- lived: Osaka’s oppressive summer humidity is almost as stifling as the claustrophobic, vacuum- packed inside of an overcrowded subway car. I had, with unfortunate naiveté and misplaced optimism, assumed that I would be able to buy a ticket to one of the last games of the season on the day of the game itself. When told