Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2016 Designing Inhabitant-centered Experiences for Future Smart Homes Mennicken, Sarah Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-135624 Dissertation Published Version Originally published at: Mennicken, Sarah. Designing Inhabitant-centered Experiences for Future Smart Homes. 2016, University of Zurich, Faculty of Economics. Designing Inhabitant-centered Experiences for Future Smart Homes Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Business, Economics and Informatics of the University of Zurich to obtain the degree of Doktor / Doktorin der Wissenschaften, Dr. sc. (corresponds to Doctor of Science, PhD) presented by Sarah Luise Mennicken from Germany approved in April 2016 at the request of Prof. Dr. Elaine M. Huang Prof. Dr. Carman Neustaedter The Faculty of Business, Economics and Informatics of the University of Zurich hereby authorizes the printing of this dissertation, without indicating an opinion of the views expressed in the work. Zurich, April 6, 2016 Chairwoman of the Doctoral Board: Prof. Dr. Elaine M. Huang Abstract Smart homes and home automation technologies are increasingly growing in popularity for end consumers and thereby create an increasingly diverse target group. Many technologies for this space have been developed in research which tackle various technical challenges in enabling smart home visions to automate people’s lives. However, those advances have often focused on the technology instead of the user and thus resulted in a large variety of technical solutions that are difficult to integrate well into a person’s life. Advances in artificial intelligence and machine learning have started finding their way into domestic lives as well and raise the question of how people will interact with increasingly proactive technologies which can take actions on their behalf. This dissertation aims to leverage an understanding of existing human needs, practices, and routines in households, to inform the future designs of smart and automated home technologies which will support inhabitants in their daily lives. We first explore and review the landscape of smart homes, in research and industry. We then conduct a systematic analysis of existing work in order to identify trends and challenges in this research space as well as to propose visions for future smart homes that support their inhabitants. To ground this, an empirical study provides insights into the current smart home reality and identifies the various roles of inhabitants and their unique challenges in everyday life. Probing into the design space of current as well as future smart home interactions, this thesis provides three different approaches which address the current problems of smart home inhabitants and explore potential future functionality for improved user experiences within proactive homes. 2 Zusammenfassung Smart Home-Technologien und Gebäudeautomation erfreuen sich wachsender Beliebtheit bei Konsumenten, wodurch eine zunehmend vielfältigere Zielgruppe entsteht. Viele solcher Technologien wurden in der Forschung mit dem Ziel entwickelt technische Herausforderungen zu bewältigen und Visionen von Smart Homes zu ermöglichen, in denen das Leben der Menschen automatisiert wird. Oft lag der Fokus dieses Fortschrittes jedoch auf der Technologie statt auf der Unterstützung ihrer Nutzer. Daraus resultierte eine Vielzahl technischer Lösungen, die sich nur schwer ins Alltagsleben integrieren lassen. Fortschritte in künstlicher Intelligenz und im maschinellen Lernen finden ebenfalls langsam ihren Weg ins häusliche Leben und werfen dadurch die Frage auf, wie Menschen mit derartigen steigend proaktiveren Technologien umgehen werden, wenn diese in ihrem Namen handeln können werden. Diese Dissertation hat zum Ziel das Verständnis von bestehenden menschlichen Bedürfnissen, Gewohnheiten, und Routinen in Haushalten zu nutzen, um zukünftiges Design von smarten und automatisierten Technologien für Privathaushalte so zu beeinflussen, dass es Bewohner in ihrem täglichen Leben unterstützen kann. Zuerst erkunden und besprechen wir den grösseren Kontext von Smart Homes in Forschung und Industrie. Anschliessend führen wir eine systematische Analyse von bestehenden Arbeiten durch, um sowohl momentane Trends und Schwierigkeiten in diesem Forschungsbereich aufzuzeigen, als auch um eine Vision für zukünftige Smart Homes vorzuschlagen, die ihre Einwohner unterstützen können. Um diese Vision mit der Praxis zu verknüpfen, führen wir eine empirische Studie durch, welche Einsichten in die momentane Smart Home-Realität gibt und die die verschiedenen Rollen der Bewohner und ihre alltäglichen Schwierigkeiten darlegt. Um die Designmöglichkeiten für heutige und zukünftige Interaktionen mit Smart Homes zu erforschen, stellt diese Forschungsarbeit drei verschiedene Ansätze vor, die sich sowohl mit den momentanen Problemen der Smart Home Bewohner als auch potentiellen zukünftigen Funktionalitäten befasst, um das Nutzererlebnis mit einem proaktivem Zuhause zu verbessern. 3 Relevant Publications Some of work we present in this dissertation, including figures, tables, and text, has partially appeared in the following publications. Full Papers and Notes Mennicken, S., & Huang, E. M. (2012). Hacking the natural habitat: an in-the- wild study of smart homes, their development, and the people who live in them. In Proceedings of Conference on Pervasive Computing (Pervasive ‘12). (Chapter 3) http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31205-2_10 Mennicken, S., Vermeulen, J., & Huang, E. M. (2014). From today’s augmented houses to tomorrow’s smart homes: new directions for home automation research (pp. 105–115). In Proceedings of the ACM Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing (UbiComp ‘14). (Chapter 2) http://doi.org/10.1145/2632048.2636076 Mennicken, S., Kim, D., & Huang, E.M. (2016). Integrating the Smart Home into the Digital Calendar. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '16) (Chapter 4) http://doi.org/10.1145/2858036.2858168 (Note) Ur, B., Pak Yong Ho, M., Brawner, S., Lee, J., Mennicken, S., Picard, N., Schulze, D., & Littman, M., Trigger-Action Programming in the Wild: An Analysis of 200,000 IFTTT Recipes. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '16). http://doi.org/10.1145/2858036.2858556 Mennicken, S., Zihler, O., Juldaschewa, F., Molnar, V., Aggeler, D., & Huang, E.M. (2016). “It’s like living with a friendly stranger”: Perceptions of Personality Traits in a Smart Home. To appear in Proceedings of the ACM Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing (UbiComp ‘16). (Chapter 5) Posters & Videos Mennicken, S., Hofer, J., Dey, A. K., & Huang, E. M. (2014). Casalendar: a temporal interface for automated homes. In Extended Abstracts of the ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '14) (Section 4.5) http://doi.org/10.1145/2559206.2581321 Mennicken, S., Brush, A. J. B., Roseway, A., & Scott, J. (2014). Exploring interactive furniture with EmotoCouch. In Adjunct Proceedings of the ACM Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing (UbiComp ‘14) (Chapter 6) http://doi.org/10.1145/2638728.2638846 4 Workshop Papers Mennicken, S., & Huang, E. M. (2012). Why Canʼt I Have Both? The Tension Between Comfort and Control in Smart Homes. Presented at “Pervasive Intelligibility” Workshop of the Conference on Pervasive Computing (Pervasive ‘12). (Section 3.3.4) Mennicken, S., & Huang, E. M. (2013). Comment Cards, Home Sketches, and Family Personas. Eliciting Experiences with Home Technologies. Presented at “Studying Technology in the Home” Workshop at the ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '13) (Section 3.4.1) Mennicken, S., Brush, A. J. B., Roseway, A., & Scott, J. (2014). Finding roles for interactive furniture in homes with EmotoCouch (pp. 923–930). Presented at “HomeSys” workshop and in Proceedings of the ACM Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing (UbiComp ‘14) (Chapter 6) http://doi.org/10.1145/2638728.2641547 Workshops Brush, A. J. B., Scott, J., & Mennicken, S. (2013). HomeSys 2013: workshop on design, technology, systems and applications for the home (pp. 765–768). In Adjunct Proceedings of the ACM Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing (UbiComp ‘13) http://doi.org/10.1145/2494091.2497329 Mennicken, S., Hwang, A., Yang, R., Hoey, J., Mihailidis, A., & Huang, E. M. (2015). Smart for Life: Designing Smart Home Technologies that Evolve with Users. In Extended Abstracts of the ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '15) http://doi.org/10.1145/2702613.2702631 Related Supervised Bachelor/Master Theses Hofer, J. (2013). Improving the understanding of "smart home" information using temporal metaphors, Bachelor Thesis in the Department of Informatics, University of Zurich (Section 4.5) Kocovski, F.(2015). Exploring the use of different control and feedback types in a smart home calendar interface. Bachelor Thesis in the Department of Informatics, University of Zurich (Section 4.6.1) Zihler, O., Juldaschewa, F., Molnar, V., & Aggeler, D. (2015) Integrating Personality Traits in Smart Homes. Master Project Report in the Department of Informatics, University of Zurich (Chapter 5) 5 Research Acknowledgements Throughout the thesis, I will use “we” to describe the conducted research as much of the