Istanbul 1437 / 2016 © Erkam Publications 2016 / 1437 H HISTORY OF ISLAM Original Title : İslam Tarihi (Ders Kitabı) Author : Commission Auteur du Volume « Histoire de l’Afrique » : Dr. Said ZONGO Coordinator : Yrd. Doç. Dr. Faruk KANGER Academic Consultant : Lokman HELVACI Translator : Fulden ELİF AYDIN Melda DOĞAN Corrector : Mohamed ROUSSEL Editor : İsmail ERİŞ Graphics : Rasim ŞAKİROĞLU Mithat ŞENTÜRK ISBN : 978-9944-83-747-7 Addresse : İkitelli Organize Sanayi Bölgesi Mahallesi Atatürk Bulvarı Haseyad 1. Kısım No: 60/3-C Başakşehir / Istanbul - Turkey Tel : (90-212) 671-0700 (pbx) Fax : (90-212) 671-0748 E-mail : [email protected] Web : www.islamicpublishing.org Printed by : Erkam Printhouse Language : English ERKAM PUBLICATIONS TEXTBOOK HISTORY OF ISLAM 10th GRADE ERKAM PUBLICATIONS Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I THE ERA OF FOUR RIGHTLY GUIDED CALIPHS (632–661) / 8 A. THE ELECTION OF THE FIRST CALIPH .............................................................................................. 11 B. THE PERIOD OF ABU BAKR (May Allah be Pleased with him) (632–634) ....................................... 11 C. THE PERIOD OF UMAR (May Allah be Pleased with him) (634–644) ............................................... 16 D. THE PERIOD OF UTHMAN (May Allah be Pleased with him) (644–656) ........................................ 21 E. THE PERIOD OF ALI (May Allah be pleased with him) (656-661) ...................................................... 26 EVALUATION QUESTIONS .......................................................................................................................... 34 CHAPTER II THE UMAYYADS AND THE ABBASIDS / 40 A. THE UMAYYADS (661–750) ...................................................................................................................... 43 B. THE ABBASIDS (750–1258)........................................................................................................................ 52 C. THE ANDALUSIAN UMAYYAD STATE (856–1031) ............................................................................ 57 D. THE EMIRATE OF GRANADA (THE NASRIDS) (1238-1492) ......................................................... 62 EVALUATION QUESTIONS .......................................................................................................................... 67 CHAPTER III ISLAM IN AFRICA: HISTORY AND REALITY / 74 A. INTRODUCTION.. .....................................................................................................................................77 B. ISLAM AND CIVILIZATION IN EAST AFRICA ................................................................................... 78 C. CULTURAL AND HUMANITARIAN TRACES OF ISLAM IN EAST AFRICA ............................... 80 D. ISLAM AND ITS CIVILIZATION IN CENTRAL AFRICA .................................................................. 81 E. THE HISTORY OF ISLAM AND ITS REALITY IN WEST AFRICA ................................................... 84 F. THE EVOLUTION OF ARABIC AND ISLAMIC EDUCATION IN WEST AFRICA ........................ 93 EVALUATION QUESTIONS .......................................................................................................................... 98 5 +ඈႋRU\RI,VODP CHAPTER IV THE TURKS AND ISLAM / 102 A. TURK- ARAB RELATIONS .....................................................................................................................105 B. THE CONVERSION OF TURKS TO ISLAM .........................................................................................106 C. THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF TURKS TO THE MUSLIM WORLD ...................................................107 D. THE GREAT SELJUQ STATE (1040–1157) ...........................................................................................111 E. CRUSADES ..................................................................................................................................................114 EVALUATION QUESTIONS ........................................................................................................................ 116 CHAPTER V OTTOMAN STATE (1299 – 1922) / 123 A. THE ESTABLISHMENT OF OTTOMAN EMPIRE (1299 ) ................................................................125 B. THE PERIOD OF DEVELOPMENT (1360 - 1453) ...............................................................................128 C. THE PERIOD OF RISING (1453 - 1579) ................................................................................................130 D. THE PERIOD OF STAGNATION (1579 - 1699) ...................................................................................136 E. THE PERIOD OF DECLINE AND COLLAPSE (1699 - 1922) ............................................................139 F. OTTOMAN CULTURE AND CIVILIZATION ......................................................................................145 EVALUATION QUESTIONS ........................................................................................................................151 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................................................161 ANSWERS KEYS .............................................................................................................................................163 6 CHAPTER I THE ERA OF FOUR RIGHTLY GUIDED CALIPHS r THE TOPICS OF THE CHAPTER THE ELECTION OF THE FIRST CALIPH THE CALIPHATE OF ABUBAKR (MAY ALLAH BE PLEASED WITH HIM) (632–634) THE CALIPHATE OF UMAR (MAY ALLAH BE PLEASED WITH HIM) (634–644) THE CALIPHATE OF UTHMAN (MAY ALLAH BE PLEASED WITH HIM) (644–656) THE PERIOD OF ALI (MAY ALLAH BE PLEASED WITH HIM) (656-661) PREPARATORY WORKS 1. What comes to your mind when the word Caliph is mentioned? 7U\WRUHPHPEHUWKHQDPHVRIÀYHEHVWIULHQGVRIWKH3URSKHW Muhammad (pbuh). *LYHVRPHLQIRUPDWLRQDERXWZKDWPHWKRGZDVIROORZHGLQUHV- SHFWWRWKHVWDWHDGPLQLVWUDWLRQDIWHUWKHGHDWKRIWKH3URSKHW (pbuh) /LVWWKHQDPHVRIÀYHOHDGHUVRIWKH0XVOLPVWDWHZKRDVFHQGHG WRWKHSRZHUDIWHUWKH3URSKHW·V SEXK GHDWKLQWKHRUGHURI their priority. CHAPTER 7KHHUDRIIRXUUඈJKWO\JXඈGHGFDOඈSKV I A. THE ELECTION OF THE FIRST CALIPH After our Prophet (pbuh) died, the most important ssuei was who was going to be the Caliph of the Muslim community (or the head of the state). Even before the completion of the services related to the funeral ceremony of our Prophet (pbuh), some of members of the Ansar (helpers) gathered and wanted to elect one of them as the head of state. While Muslims were essentially in unity and solidarity, they seemed to have gathered around four different views under the circumstances of the day: 1. Muhajirs (Emigrants) who had migrated to Medina together with Muhammad (pbuh) and shared a common fate with him since the early days of Islam, and most of whom were from the Quraish tribe. 2. Ansar (Helpers) with whom the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) became friends, by migrating to their land after the circumstances in Mecca had become very difficult for him, 3. Those who wanted someone from Muhammad’s (pbuh) lineage to be his successor, 4. The group that had had political and economic prestige since the earlier times in Mecca. Umayyad family, the tribe of Abu Sufyan, was the leading one in this group. The Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) didn’t directly point out who was going to be elected as caliph after himself in his lifetime. In a way he wanted Muslims to elect their leaders on their own. After all, Muslims paid attention to the characteristics of the caliph whom they would elect, not to the basis of kinship. They elected Abu Bakr (may Allah be pleased with him) who had seniority, intelligence and maturity, piety, prestige and to whom the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) trusted and was his friend throughout his life as the caliph. After Abu Bakr successively Umar, Uthman and Ali became the head of the Muslims. This era that lasted about thirty year is called The Era of Four Rightly Guided Caliphs (Al-Khulafa Al-Rashidun). These caliphs came to office through election. B. THE PERIOD OF ABU BAKR (May Allah be pleased with him) (632-634) Abu Bakr (may Allah be pleased with him) became the head of the Muslims in a very problematic time and worked for the unity and solidarity of Muslim society and for spreading and strengthening the Call of Islam. We can briefly list the important incidents that took place during the era of Abu Bakr as follows: 1. The Expedition of Uthama: Abu Bakr (May Allah be pleased with him) sent Uthama over Damascus after the burial procedures of our Prophet (pbuh) had been completed. The expedition lasted for about 40 days. The army returned with war booties and no casualties. Thus, the forces threatening the security of the Muslim State and its commercial and economic interests were eliminated (632). 11 CHAPTER I +ඈႋRU\RI,VODP 2. The Fight with Those Who Converted out of Islam and Those who falsely Claimed to be Prophet: After the death of the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh), rebellions and apostasy movements started to spread in various parts of the country (such as Middle Arabia, Yemen, Oman, and Bahrain). There was not any movement only in Mecca, Medina and Taif. However, Abu Bakr didn’t give up in the face of all those serious problems. Some of these rebels were the Arabs living in the desert who had just converted to Islam and couldn’t understand what Islam really was and why payment of almsgiving (zakat) obligatory in Islam. The Holy Qur’an describes us those people in the 14th to 16th verses of Chapter al-Hujurat (49): ĪÌƈ