Encyclopedia of World's Fairs and Expositions Edited by ]OHNE. FINDLING and KIMBERLY D. PELLE Foreword by Vicente Gonzalez Loscertales McFarland &. Company, lnc., Publishers Jefferson, North Carolina, and London For Lorelei Knobloch Hull and Charles Ellis Findling LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGUING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA Encyclopedia ofworld's fairs and expositions I edited by John E. Findling and Kimberly D. Pelle ; foreword by Vicente Gonzalez Loscertales. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-7864-3416-9 softcover : 50# alkaline paper § 1. Exhibitions- History. I. Findling, John E. li. Pelle, Kimberly D. T395.F56 2008 907.4-dc22 2008011205 British Library cataloguing data are available ©2008 John E. Findling and Kimberly D. Pelle. All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying or recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Cover photograph ©2008 Shutterstock Manufactured in the United States of America McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers Box 611, lefferson, North Carolina 28640 www.mcfarlandpub.com Table of Contents Foreword by Vicente Gonzalez Loscertales Preface 3 London 1851 Philadelphia 1876 (lohn R. Davis) 9 (Alfred Heller) 52 Dublin 1853 Paris 1878 (TammyLau) 15 (Andrea C. Roeber) 59 NewYork 1853 Sydney 1879-1880 (Ivan D. Steen) 17 (Kirsten Orr) 65 Paris 1855 Melbourne 1880-1881 (Barrie M. Ratclijfe) 21 (David Dunstan) 67 London 1862 Atlanta 1881 (Thomas Prasch) 27 (/ames M. Russell) 70 Dublin 1865 Amsterdam 1883 (Miglena Ivanova) 33 (lohn E. Findling) 72 Dunedin 1865 Boston 1883 (Conal McCarthy) 34 (Noah W. Sobe) 74 Paris 1867 Calcutta 1883-1884 (Volker Barth) 37 (Thomas Prasch) 75 London 1871-1874 Louisville 1883-1887 (Catherine Dibello and the Editors) 44 ( Carl E. Kramer) 77 Vienna 1873 New Orleans 1884-1885 (Nadine Rottau) 46 (Miki Pfeffer) 79 vü Table of Contents viii ix Table of Contents Antwerp 1885 Nashville 1897 Brussels 1910 Brussels 1935 (Matthew G. Stanard) 84 ( Char/ene G. Garjinkle) 141 (Paul Greenha/gh) 206 (Johan Lagae) 277 Edinburgh 1886 Stockholm 1897 Nanking 1910 San Diego 1935-1936 (Laurie Da/ton) 87 (Lars F. ]ohansson) 145 (Kimberly D. Pelle) 209 (Matthew Bokovoy) 282 London 1886 Omaha 1898 London 1911 Johannesburg 1936-1937 (Thomas Prasch) 88 (Char/ene G. Garjinkle) 146 (Susan Bennett) 211 (Deborah L. Hughes) 288 Adelaide 1887 Paris 1900 Ghent 1913 Paris 1937 (Lara Anderson) 92 (Robert W. Brown) 149 (lohnE. Findling) 213 (Arthur Chand/er, updated by Philip Whalen) 290 Barcelona 1888 Buffalo 1901 San Francisco 1915 Glasgow 1938 (Gary McDonogh) 94 (Lewis L. Gould and (Burton Benedict) 215 (lohn MacKenzie) 297 Kris L. Brackett) 157 Glasgow 1888 San Diego 1915-1916 New York 1939-1940 (Susan Bennett) 95 Glasgow 1901 (Matthew Bokovoy) 222 (Paul T. Sayers) 299 ( Cristina Carbone) 164 Melbourne 1888-1889 Rio de Janeiro 1922-1923 San Francisco 1939-1940 (David Dunstan) 97 Charleston 1901-1902 (Bruno Bontempi, ]r., and (Don Larson) 305 (James M. Beeby) 166 Noah W. Sobe) 228 Paris 1889 Wellington 1939-1940 (Anthony Swift) 100 Torino 1902 Wembley 1924-1925 (Cona/ McCarthy) 309 ( Cristina Carbone) 168 (Alexander C. T. Geppert) 230 Dunedin 1889-1890 Lisbon 1940 ( Conal McCarthy) 108 Hanoi 1902-1903 Paris 1925 (lohn E. Findling) 313 (Robert W. Rydell) 170 (Philip Whalen) 236 Kingston 1891 Port-au-Prince 1949-1950 (Ronald ]. Mahoney) 110 St. Louis 1904 Dunedin 1925-1926 (Kimberly D. Pelle) 314 (Astrid Böger) 171 (lennifer Wagelie) 243 Madrid 1892 London 1951 (David R. Watters) 112 Liege 1905 Philadelphia 1926 (Harriet Atkinson) 316 (Matthew G. Stanard) 178 (David Glassberg) 246 Chicago 1893 Brussels 1958 (R. Reid Badger) Portland 1905 Long Beach 1928 116 (Robert W. Rydell) 318 ( Carl Abbott) 181 (Kaye Briegel) 250 Antwerp 1894 Seattle 1962 (Matthew G. Stanard) Milan 1906 Barcelona 1929-1930 125 (lohn M. Findlay) 323 (lohn E. Findling) 185 (lohn E. Findling) 251 San Francisco 1894 New York 1964-1965 (Arthur Chandler and Christchurch 1906-1907 Seville 1929-1930 (Andrew V. Uroskie) 330 Marvin Nathan) 127 (Conal McCarthy) 187 (Cristina Carbone) 254 Montreal1967 Hobart 1894-1895 Dublin 1907 Antwerp/Liege 1930 (Krista L. Bennett) 335 (Lara Anderson) 132 (Miglena Ivanova) 190 (Paul Greenhalgh) 257 San Antonio 1968 Atlanta 1895 Jamestown 1907 Stockholm 1930 ( Ursufo Lindqvist) 259 (Shirley M. Eujf) 342 (Charlene G. Garfinkle) 134 (!. D. BoweTs) 193 Osaka 1970 Brussels 1897 London 1908 Paris 1931 (Mare Lagana) 263 (David Anderson) 345 (Matthew G. Stanard) 136 (Jane Kimber) 198 Spokane1974 Guatemala City 1897 Seattle 1909 Chicago 1933-1934 (lohn E. Findling) 268 (Arlin C. Migliazzo) 350 (Laurie Dalton) 139 (1. D. BoweTs) 202 Table of Contents X Okinawa 1975-1976 Taejon 1993 (Martin Manning) 353 (lohn R. McGregor) 386 Knoxville 1982 Lisbon 1998 (Carl E. Kramer) 356 (Laura Huntoon) 389 New Orleans 1984 Hanover 2000 (Miki Pfeffer) 360 (Larry Maloney) 393 Foreword Tsukuba 1985 Aichi 2005 (Tatsushi Narita) 364 (Alfred Heller) 399 by Vicente Gonzalez Loscertales Vancouver 1986 Zaragoza 2008 (lohn E. Findling) 367 (Bureau of International Expositions) 404 In the 21st century, while world expos brought two Contradietory phenomena into the Brisbane 1988 continue to display an impressive power of forefront. On the one hand, there are discus­ (Martin Manning) 370 Shanghai 2010 attraction for both visitors and participating sions as to the value and adaptability of expos (Susan Fernsebner) 407 countries, the global context requires a contin­ to the needs of the 21st century, and on the Genoa 1992 uous effort to maintain their relevance in a rap­ other hand, there is a steady increase in the (Martin Manning) 374 idly changing world. This is why the pub­ number of visitors at expos and a growing lication of the Encyclopedia ofWorld's Pairsand number of candidate countries bidding to host Seville 1992 Expositions is particularly timely and impor­ future exhibitions. (Veronique Marteau) 377 tant. This situation obliges the Bureau oflnter­ The Encyclopedia of World's Pairs and national Expositions and both present and Expositions is an impressive endeavor that future exhibition organizers to carry out a Appendix A: The Bureau of International Expositions matches the scale of these great events. The dic­ thorough reflection, in order to give expos of (Vicente Gonzalez Loscertales) 411 tionary is both a tool for understanding the his­ the 21st century the value and usefulness that torical roots of expos while giving readers a public opinion demands. The globalization of Appendix B: Fair Statistics 413 map that helps them see how they have been political, economic, and social exchanges as Appendix C: Fair Officials 418 able to capture the mood, the innovations, and well as the increasing value given to the respect the specific visions of their time. of cultural diversity proves that civil society, Appendix D: Pairs Not Included 422 Through the gathering of the international corporations, cities, and regions all find them­ Appendix E: Pairs That Never Were 428 community, world's fairs attract millians of vis­ selves in a key position for national presenta­ itors around a theme. No other human event tions at world's fairs. General Bibliography 435 has the same force ofinvolvement. Today, when The economic and political opening of new we refer to the international community, we do regions such as Asia, Latin America, and the Internet Resources 443 not mean just countries or govemments, but Pacific in the last twenty years has transformed About the Editors and Contributors 457 also civil society, corporations, and ordinary the international scene and brought new actors citizens. into the world of expos. The 140 nations that Index 463 Expos are platforms for innovation and comprise the BIE reflect this new reality, which for showing citizens the problems that the requires that these great events be taken into new global society faces in different cultures and geographic areas to ensure a greater equality in different latitudes. Expos also show the effort the distribution of future expos. Artide 7 of the made by corporations, govemments, and non­ BIE Convention, therefore, acquires, in the 21st govemmental organizations in order to to meet century, a role which had not been available the challenges for the day-to-day life of the cit­ throughout the 20th century. izens. This is what expos are about and their From the very beginning, world expos great value lies in their power to gather around have had a tremendous impact on their host a relevant theme all ofhumankind. cities. Although most large events tend to The first decade of the 21st century has impact one particular sector of a city, expos I Wembley 1924-1925 230 231 Wembley 1924-1925 Centennial Exposition in the style of an ancient Hughes, who visited in part as a gesture in the Bois de Vincennes in southeastern Paris. piece. In 1923, businessman and public servant pagoda, as it bad at earlier expositions. Japanese intended to reciprocate the visit of a Brazilian As the first Parisian exhibition solely devoted James Lord Stevenson was appointed chairman silk, porcelain and handicrafts were displayed. delegation to Philadelphia in 1876. Though ini­ to French overseas expansion on such a scale, of the Board ofManagement, with Lieut.-Gen. The U. S. exhibits were stored in temporary tially scheduled to close on March 31, 1923 the the Exposition Coloniale et Internationale of Sir Travers E. Clarke as deputy chairman and quarters until the official pavilion was com­ expositionwas extended to run through July 2, 1931 corresponded to Wembley in many ways. chief administrator. pleted on December 23, 1922, more than three 1923. Like its Parisian counterpart, the Wemb­ In the meantime, the scheme had also months late because of construction delays. ley exhibition was planned to take place long been approved by the Board of Trade whose Designed by Frank L.