THE ISRAEL–PALESTINE CONFLICT The conflict between the Israelis and the Palestinians is considered intractable by many, and is frequently characterized by the violence between the two sides. In attempts at peace, the starting point for negotiations is a cessation of violence; beneath this, however, lies a plethora of other issues to be addressed. This unique text brings together Israeli and Palestinian viewpoints on a number of key issues and topics, making clear the points of agreement as well as the views that divide. The chapters deal first with three issues that require compromise and resolution for a peace treaty to be realized – water, refugees, and borders, territory and settlements – and then with three important concepts that can either impede or promote peace: democracy, human rights, and peace culture and education. Thus, the book provides an invaluable opportunity to understand, at least in part, the divergent and even convergent interests and understandings of Israelis and Palestinians on issues and concepts important to the peace process. As such, it will be a valuable resource for courses on conflict resolution, the Middle East peace process, and political science. Elizabeth G. Matthews is Assistant Professor in the Department of Political Science at California State University San Marcos, USA. She has written a number of books and articles on world politics and US foreign policy, and is co-editor of the Routledge UCLA Center for Middle East Development (CMED) series. David Newman is Dean of the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences and Professor of Political Geography at Ben-Gurion University. Since 1999, he has been the chief editor of the international journal Geopolitics, and he is currently co-editing The Routledge Handbook of the Israeli–Palestinian Conflict with Joel Peters. He has published widely on issues related to territory and borders and the changing role of borders in a globalized world. Mohammed S. Dajani Daoudi holds two doctorate degrees from the University of South Carolina at Columbia and the University of Texas at Austin. He is the founding director of the American Studies Center at al-Quds University, the Wasatia Movement – Palestine, and the Jerusalem Studies and Research Institute, and is the author of numerous books and academic articles in English and Arabic. UCLA Center for Middle East Development (CMED) Series Editors Steven L. Spiegel, UCLA Elizabeth G. Matthews, California State University San Marcos The UCLA Center for Middle East Development (CMED) series on Middle East security and cooperation is designed to present a variety of perspectives on a specific topic, such as democracy in the Middle East, dynamics of Israeli–Palestinian relations, Gulf security, and the gender factor in the Middle East. The uniqueness of the series is that the authors write from the viewpoints of a variety of countries so that no matter what the issue, articles appear from many different states, both within and beyond the region. No existing series provides a comparable, multi- national collection of authors in each volume. Thus, the series presents a com- bination of writers from countries who, for political reasons, do not always publish in the same volume. The series features a number of sub-themes under a single heading, covering security, social, political, and economic factors affecting the Middle East. 1. The Struggle over Democracy in the Middle East Regional politics and external policies Edited by Nathan J. Brown and Emad El-Din Shahin 2. Women in the Middle East and North Africa Agents of change Edited by Fatima Sadiqi and Moha Ennaji 3. The Israel–Palestine Conflict Parallel discourses Edited by Elizabeth G. Matthews with David Newman and Mohammed S. Dajani Daoudi THE ISRAEL–PALESTINE CONFLICT Parallel discourses Edited by Elizabeth G. Matthews WITH DAVID NEWMAN AND MOHAMMED S. DAJANI DAOUDI First published 2011 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2011. To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk. © 2011 UCLA All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data The Israel–Palestine conflict : parallel discourses / edited by Elizabeth G. Matthews. p. cm. – (UCLA Center for Middle East development (CMED); 3) Includes biographical references and index 1. Arab–Israeli conflict–1993– 2. Arab–Israeli conflict–1993–Peace. I. Matthews, Elizabeth G. DS119.76.I8197 2010 956.9405'4–dc22 2010019495 ISBN 0-203-83939-0 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 978–0–415–43478–2 (hbk) ISBN 978–0–415–43479–9 (pbk) ISBN 978–0–203–83939–3 (ebk) CONTENTS List of illustrations vii List of contributors ix Preface xi Introduction 1 Elizabeth G. Matthews PART I Issues 17 Refugees 19 1 Israel and the Palestinian refugee issue 21 Joel Peters 2 Palestinian refugees 36 Mohammed S. Dajani Daoudi Borders, territory, and settlements 49 3 From bilateralism to unilateralism: the changing territorial discourses of Israel–Palestine conflict resolution 51 David Newman 4 A Palestinian perspective on the Israeli–Palestinian conflict on settlements, territory, and borders 67 Jad Isaac vi Contents Water 91 5 Is the conflict over shared water resources between Israelis and Palestinians an obstacle to peace? 93 Hillel Shuval 6 Palestine water: between challenges and realities 114 Amjad Aliewi, Enda O’Connell, Geoff Parkin, and Karen Assaf PART II Concepts 139 Democratization and the domestic political environment 141 7 The effects of conflict: national security, UNSC Resolution 1325, and women in Israel 143 Galia Golan 8 Democratization in Palestine: from civil society democracy to a transitional democracy 155 Walid Salem Human rights 169 9 Merging the human rights dimension into peace-making: is it good for the Jews? 171 Edward Kaufman 10 Fatah and Hamas human rights violations in the Palestinian Occupied Territories from April 2006 to December 2007 195 Bassem Eid Peace culture and education 207 11 Challenges for constructing peace culture and peace education 209 Daniel Bar-Tal 12 Culture of peace and education: the Palestinian context 224 Salem Aweiss Bibliography 247 Index 267 ILLUSTRATIONS Figures 4.1 The United Nations Partition Plan, 1947 69 4.2 Status quo after the 1948 war 70 4.3 The changing boundaries of Jerusalem 71 4.4 Israeli settlements in the West Bank and their master plans 73 4.5 Number of Israeli settlements established since 1967 74 4.6 Actual settler population and growth rates during the years 1992 to 2006 75 4.7 Israeli-controlled roads in the West Bank 76 4.8 A geopolitical map of the Occupied Palestinian Territories 80 4.9 The Israeli proposal at the beginning of Camp David talks 81 4.10 The Israeli Segregation Plan 84 4.11 The Eastern and Western Segregation Zones 86 4.12 The projected Palestinian state 88 5.1 Schematic presentation of the Mountain Aquifer 100 5.2 Potential fresh-water resources available in 2000 110 6.1 Israeli National Water Carrier System 116 6.2 Israeli pumping of the West Bank and Gaza aquifers 118 6.3 Deep Israeli wells and shallow Palestinian wells 119 6.4 Abstraction from Palestinian wells compared with abstraction from nearby Israeli wells 120 6.5 Water quality deterioration in Bardalah wells in response to Israeli pumping 120 6.6 Location map showing Palestinian aquifers 122 6.7 Water supply/demand gap in Palestine 124 6.8 Framework for assessing SUSMAQ management options 135 6.9 The Pressure–State–Response (PSR) system with feedbacks 135 viii Illustrations Tables 3.1 Territorial dimensions of the political discourses in Israel–Palestine 53 3.2 Territorial dimensions of recent political solutions for the Israel–Palestine conflict 60 4.1 The redeployment percentages according to the agreements 78 4.2 Status of the Western Segregation Wall as of April 2007 85 5.1 Estimated Israeli and Palestinian minimum water requirements 107 6.1 Reported aquifer basins recharge 121 6.2 Estimated municipal and industrial total water use in Palestine 122 6.3 Estimated total water supply for irrigation in Palestine 123 6.4 Estimated total water supply in Palestine 123 6.5 Projected municipal water demand 123 6.6 Projected industrial water demand 123 6.7 Projected agricultural water demand 123 6.8 Estimated total water demand in Palestine 124 6.9 Estimated gap between supply and demand in Palestine 124 6.10 Israeli and Palestinian aquifer utilization through wells and springs, 1998/9 131 6.11 Percentage shares of Israeli and Palestinian aquifer utilization, 1998/9 131 6.12 Israeli and Palestinian utilization of water resources 132 6.13 Israeli and Palestinian per capita water consumption, 1999 132 6.14 Israeli and Palestinian agricultural, domestic, and industrial water use, 1999 132 6.15 SUSMAQ management options 136 6.16 Water available (ceiling values) for SUSMAQ management options 137 10.1 Number of Palestinians killed by Palestinians in Palestine, 2000–2009 204 CONTRIBUTORS Amjad Aliewi is the Director General of House of Water and Environment, Palestine and a Senior Researcher at Newcastle University, UK. Karen Assaf is the Head of the Water Environment Section, and Co-Director, of ASIR – Arab Scientific Institute for Research and Transfer of Technology, Palestine.