THESE DE DOCTORAT DE L'UNIVERSITE DE NANTES COMUE UNIVERSITE BRETAGNE LOIRE ECOLE DOCTORALE N° 601 Mathématiques et Sciences et Technologies de l'Information et de la Communication Spécialité: Génie logiciel Pa r « Adel HASSAN » « Style and Meta-Style: Another Way to Reuse Software Architecture Evolution» Thèse présentée et soutenue à « L2SN », le « 24 Septembre 2018 » Unité de recherche : Laboratoire des Sciences du Numérique de Nantes (LS2N) Thèse N° : Rapporteurs avant soutenance : Composition du Jury: M. Kamel Barkaoui, Professeur, Le Cnam-Paris Président me M. Henri Basson, Professeur Université du Littoral M Isabelle BORNE, Professeur, Université Bretagne Sud Côte d'Opale M. Kamel BARKAOUI, Professeur, Le Cnam-Paris M. Henri BASSON, Professeur Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale M. Djamel SERIAI, Maître de conférences, HDR, Université de Montpellier M. Christian ATTIOGBE, Professeur, Université de Nantes Directeur de thèse M. Mourad OUSSALAH, Professeur, Université de Nantes Dedication I dedicate this dissertation to my beloved parents, wife and kids Adel ii Acknowledgments First of all, I would like to express my sincere gratitude and appreciation to those who over the years have played a role in the realisation of this thesis. Many thanks go to Professor, Mourad Oussalah, the director of my thesis for his input and guidance during these years. Without his patience, support and encouragement, this thesis would not have been possible. I also want to thank Audrey Queudet for her guidance and her valuable comments that helped me in realising Chapter 5. I am further grateful to my thesis monitoring committee, Professor Philippe Collet and Professor Kamel Barkaoui for all their guidance and feedback throughout this process. I would also like to thank Professors. Isabelle Borne, Henri Basson, Djamel Seriai, Kamel Barkaoui and Christian Attiogbé for accepting membership of my Jury Committee during my viva voce examination. My sincere thank also goes to all the wonderful staff of LS2N (LINA) for their hospitality and their technical and administrative help. iii Contents Chapter 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Context ......................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Challenges ..................................................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Contribution ................................................................................................................................. 3 1.4 Thesis Structure ............................................................................................................................ 4 1.5 Publications .................................................................................................................................. 5 Chapter 2. Software Architecture and Software Evolution .................................................................... 6 2.1 Software Architecture ......................................................................................................................... 6 2.2 Architecture modeling concepts ......................................................................................................... 9 2.3 Architecture Description Languages (ADLs) .................................................................................... 13 2.4 Architecture Knowledge ................................................................................................................... 14 2.5 Meta-modeling in software architecture ........................................................................................... 15 2.6 Software evolution ............................................................................................................................ 17 2.7 Laws of software evolution................................................................................................................ 18 2.8 Dimensions of Software Evolution ................................................................................................... 19 2.9 Evolution as part of the development process .................................................................................. 21 2.10 Evolution and software architecture .............................................................................................. 22 2.11 Software architecture evolution ...................................................................................................... 22 2.12 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................... 23 Chapter 3. Evolution Styles .................................................................................................................. 24 3.1 Process modeling ........................................................................................................................ 24 3.1.1 Domain Specific Modeling ................................................................................................. 24 3.1.2 SPEM 2.0 ............................................................................................................................ 25 3.1.3 Essence 1.0 .......................................................................................................................... 27 3.2 Software architecture evolution modeling ................................................................................. 28 3.3 Evolution style ............................................................................................................................ 29 3.3.1 Garlan et al Evolution Style ................................................................................................ 29 3.3.2 Cuesta et al. Evolution Style ............................................................................................... 31 3.3.3 Oussalah et al. Evolution Style ........................................................................................... 32 3.4 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................. 34 Chapter 4. Evolution Meta-Styles.......................................................................................................... 35 iv 4.1 Introduction (Model-Based Engineering) ................................................................................... 35 4.2 Model, Modeling Language and the Meta-model ....................................................................... 35 4.3 Metamodeling ............................................................................................................................. 37 4.3.1 Meta-Object Facility MOF .................................................................................................. 38 4.4 Metamodeling in software-architecture evolution ...................................................................... 39 4.4.1 The basic concepts of architecture evolution ..................................................................... 41 4.4.2 Evolution Meta-Style MES .................................................................................................. 42 4.5 Meta-style based Transformations .............................................................................................. 45 4.5.1 Vertical Mapping ................................................................................................................ 46 4.5.2 Horizontal Mapping ........................................................................................................... 52 4.6 Mapping scenario ........................................................................................................................ 58 4.6.1 Modeling an evolution style by Eclipse Process Framework (EPF) composer ................... 58 4.6.2 The Result of the Mapping Scenarios ................................................................................. 65 4.7 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................. 66 Chapter 5. Dynamic Evolution Meta-Styles .......................................................................................... 67 5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 67 5.2 Real-time system ......................................................................................................................... 67 5.2.1 Types of real-time systems ................................................................................................... 68 5.2.2 Types of real-time tasks ....................................................................................................... 69 5.2.3 Architecture Description Languages for real-time system .................................................. 70 5.3 Dynamic software evolution ....................................................................................................... 71 5.3.1 Introducing changes at runtime ......................................................................................... 72 5.3.2 Activeness of changes .........................................................................................................