Governance of Arctic Marine Shipping 10 October 2008 Contributors: David L. VanderZwaag Aldo Chircop Erik Franckx Hugh Kindred Kenneth MacInnis Moira McConnell Angus McDonald Ted L. McDorman Sonja Mills Tony Puthucherril Susan Rolston Phillip Saunders K. Joseph Spears Research Assistants: James Lawson Freedom-Kai Phillips Law • Policy • Governance Marine & Environmental Law Institute • Dalhousie Law School • 6061 University Avenue • Halifax, NS B3H 4H9 • Canada Tel: +1 902.494.1988 • Fax: +1 902.494.1316 • Email: [email protected] • Website: www.dal.ca/law/MELAW ii Contents List of Tables and Figures ......................................................................................................... v Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................. vii Acronyms ............................................................................................................................... viii Introduction ................................................................................................................................1 Part I: International Law of the Sea Framework ........................................................................4 UNCLOS: The Overarching Legal Framework .............................................................4 Coastal State Jurisdiction and Control ......................................................................4 Internal Waters .....................................................................................................4 Territorial Sea .......................................................................................................5 Contiguous Zone ..................................................................................................6 Exclusive Economic Zone ....................................................................................6 Continental Shelf ..................................................................................................7 Straits Used for International Navigation .............................................................9 Article 234 ............................................................................................................9 Flag State Control ...................................................................................................10 Port State Control ....................................................................................................11 Maritime Boundaries in the Arctic ..........................................................................11 High Seas and the International Seabed Area .........................................................12 Part II: International Public Maritime Law Framework ..........................................................13 Introduction ..................................................................................................................13 Maritime Safety and Seafaring Rules and Standards ...................................................14 Arctic Guidelines ....................................................................................................16 Standards for Seafarers in the Arctic and Maritime Labour Law Issues ................19 Seafarer Training .....................................................................................................20 Seafarers’ Working and Living Conditions ............................................................21 Search and Rescue ..................................................................................................22 Maritime Environmental Rules and Standards ............................................................23 Onboard Waste Management and Operational Ship-source Pollution ...................23 Contingency Planning for Accidental Oil Pollution ...............................................27 Anti-fouling Systems ..............................................................................................28 Ballast Water Management .....................................................................................28 Particularly Sensitive Sea Areas .............................................................................30 Places of Refuge for Ships in Need of Assistance ..................................................32 Wreck Removal .......................................................................................................33 The Role of Ports in International Maritime Law ........................................................33 Enforcement Through Port State Control ...............................................................33 iii Ports and Maritime Security ...................................................................................34 Part III: International Private Maritime Law Framework ........................................................35 Introduction ..................................................................................................................35 Carriage of Goods and Passengers by Sea ...................................................................36 Bulk Goods in General Cargo or Tramp Vessels ....................................................37 Packaged Merchandise on Northern Supply and Liner Services ............................37 Passengers on Cruise Ships .....................................................................................39 Marine Insurance .........................................................................................................40 Salvage .........................................................................................................................41 Liability and Compensation for Ship-source Pollution Damage .................................43 Oil Spills from Tankers ...........................................................................................44 Hazardous and Noxious Substances Spills from Ships ...........................................46 Bunker Oil Spills from Non-tankers .......................................................................47 The United States Experience .................................................................................48 Regional Developments: The European Union and the Antarctic ..........................49 Part IV: Selected National Legal Frameworks ........................................................................50 Canada ..........................................................................................................................50 Current Legal Regime .............................................................................................52 Arctic Waters Pollution Prevention Act and Regulations ..................................52 Canada Shipping Act, 2001 and Regulations .....................................................54 Maritime Security ...............................................................................................55 Liability and Compensation for Ship-source Oil Pollution ................................57 Other Codes and Guidelines for Arctic Shipping ...............................................60 Russian Federation .......................................................................................................62 Current Legal Regime .............................................................................................62 1990 Regulations ................................................................................................63 1996 Guide to Navigation ..................................................................................65 1996 Regulations ................................................................................................66 1996 Requirements .............................................................................................66 Recent Changes and Future Legal Regime .............................................................67 Conclusion ...............................................................................................................................68 Key Findings ............................................................................................................................69 Further Research ..........................................................................................................74 References ................................................................................................................................76 Appendix A. List of International Maritime and Other Conventions ......................................95 Appendix B. List of Laws and Regulations ...........................................................................101 Appendix C. National Maritime Boundaries in the Arctic ....................................................104 Appendix D. Ratifications of International Maritime Law Agreements and Instruments .....107 iv List of Tables and Figures Table 1. Global intergovernmental shipping and related organizations Table 2. Examples of international non-governmental shipping and related organizations Table 3. National submissions to the CLCS for the Arctic Ocean Table 4. Polar Classes set out in the IMO Arctic Guidelines and IACS Unified Requirements Table 5. Arctic NAVAREA coordinators Table 6. The International Group of Protection & Indemnity (P & I) Clubs Table 7. Liability limits Figure 1. Overview map of the Arctic Ocean and maritime boundaries Figure 2. Geographical scope of the IMO Arctic Guidelines