Depressurization of the cabin at an altitude of 19 km led to instantaneous death of pilots. What is its cause? {=Explosive decompression ~Hematencephalon ~Myocardial infarction ~Bleedin ~Respiratory centre paralysis} What disorder of local circulation is characterized by pallor, local temperature drop, pain, local sensitivity disorder, reduction in the volume of the organ? {=Ischemia ~Venostasis ~Thrombosis ~Embolism ~Arterial hyperemia} Cellular and plasma mediators play an important part in the pathogenesis of secondary alteration during inflammation. What mediators are produced in the blood plasma? {=Bradykinin ~Histamine ~Leukotrienes ~Prostaglandins ~Lysosomal factors} A 73-year-old patient had been admitted to a hospital with closed fracture of his right femur. Suddenly his condition deteriorated, the patient was diagnosed with vascular embolism. What type of embolism is observed most often in patients with the fractures of tubular bones? {=Fatty ~Air ~Tissue ~Retrograde ~Gas} Stable contraction of myofibrilla of muscle fibers takes place due to accumulation of the following ions in the cytoplasm: {=Calcium ~Potassium ~Sodium ~Magnesium ~Hydrogen} After a 5-year-old child has been brought home from the kindergarten he presented with weakness, headache, body temperature rise up to 37, 5oC. What period of disease develompent is the case? {=Prodromal ~Latent ~Incubative ~Recovery ~Fastigium} Every year during the plant blossoming a female patient develops acute catarrhal inflammation of conjunctiva and nasal mucosa that is the clinical presentation of an allergy. These symptoms relate to the following type of allergic reactions: {=Anaphylactic ~Cytotoxic ~Immune complex ~Cell-mediated ~Cellular dysfunction} A female patient consulted a doctor about leg pain that arises usually toward the evening; feet and shins edemata. Objectively: leg skin is cyanotic, cold to the touch. What type of peripheral circulation disorder does the patient present with? {=Venous hyperaemia ~Arterial hyperaemia ~Ischaemia ~Stasis ~Thrombosis} It is required to measure the nitrogen metabolism in a person under observation who is recovering from continuous starvation. What result is most likely to be expected? {=Decrease in nitrogen secretion ~Nitrogen equilibrium ~Negative nitrogen balance ~Acetonemia ~-} Humoral immune response to an antigen results in generation of antibodies produced by plasmacytes. Plasmacytes arise as a result of immunostimulated division from the following cells of immune system: {=B-lymphocytes ~Monocytes ~Granulocytes ~T-helpers ~T-killers} Examination of the lower limbs of a40-year-old patient with coronary artery disease and vascular disease of the lower limbs (obliterating endarteritis)revealed skin pallor and dystrophy, local temperature decrease, sense shock, pain. The patient is likely to have the following disorder of the peripheral blood circulation: {=Obstruction ischemia ~Compression ischemia ~Angiospastic ischemia ~Venous hyperaemia ~Arterial hyperaemia} In an emergency situation a scuba diver has quickly risen from the depths to the surface, which is against the rule. He is unconscious, presents with respiratory failure and cardiac activity disorder as a result of decompression sickness. What complication may develop in the scuba diver? {=Gas embolism ~Fat embolism ~Air embolism ~Cellular embolism ~Thromboembolism} A patient with pneumosclerosis has blood pH at the rate of 7,34. Analysis of gas formula of blood showed hypercapnia. Urine analysis revealed an acidity increase. What form of acid-basedisbalance is the case? {=Gaseous acidosis ~Secretory alkalosis ~Gaseous alkalosis ~Non-gaseous alkalosis ~Non-gaseous acidosis} After eating strawberries a child presented with itchy red spots on the skin (hives). According to the classification of Coombs and Jell this reaction relates to the following type of allergic reactions: {=Reagin (anaphylactic) ~Cytotoxic ~Immunocomplex ~Cell-mediated ~Stimulating} After an insulin injection a 45-yearold woman with a long history of diabetes mellitus has developed weakness, paleness, palpitation, anxiety, double vision, numbness of lips and the tip of tongue. Blood glucose is at the rate of 2,5 mmol/l. What complication has developed in the patient? {=Hypoglycemic coma ~Hyperosmolar coma ~Hyperglycemic coma ~Hyperketonemic coma ~Uremic coma} Food rich in carbohydrates at first increases the blood glucose and then decreases its rate due to the insulin action. What process is activated by this hormone? {=Synthesis of glycogen ~Gluconeogenesis ~Breakdown of glycogen ~Breakdown of proteins ~Breakdown of lipids} Laboratory analysis revealed protein in the urine of a young man. In what case a healthy person may present a slight proteinuria? {=After exercise In the resting state During sleep In the state of psychoemotional excitation After overeating} A male received a radiation dose of 30 Gy. He presents with necrotic angina, disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. Blood tests revealed anemia, leucopenia and thrombocytopenia. What period of acute radiation sickness is observed in the patient? {=Height of disease ~Primary reactions ~Imaginary wellbeing ~End of disease ~-} In an emergency situation a scuba diver has quickly risen from the depths to the surface, which is against the rule. He is unconscious, exhibits respiratory failure and cardiac activity disorder as a result of decompression sickness. What complication may develop in the scuba diver? {=Gas embolism ~Fat embolism ~Air embolism ~Cellular embolism ~Thromboembolism} An injured person exhibits the following signs at the site of trauma: skin redness, throbbing small arteries, elevated local temperature, increased tissue turgor. What local blood circulation disorder are these presentations typical for? {=Arterial hyperemia ~Venous hyperemia ~Thrombosis ~Embolism ~Ischemia} On the 2nd day after developing acute inflammation of the knee joint, the patient exhibits the joint enlargement, swelling of the skin. At what stage of inflammation are these signs typically observed? {=Exudation ~Alteration ~Proliferation ~Regeneration ~Sclerosis} After an insulin injection a 45-year old female with a long history of diabetes mellitus has developed weakness, paleness, palpitation, anxiety, double vision, numbness of lips and the tip of tongue. Blood glucose is at the rate of 2,5 mmol/l. What complication has developed in the patient? {=Hypoglycemic coma ~Hyperosmolar coma ~Hyperglycemic coma ~Hyperketonemic coma ~Uremic coma} A 45-year-old male patient was diagnosed with stomach ulcer. After the conservative treatment the pain and heartburn disappeared, the function of the gastrointestinal tract was normalized. Endoscopic examination of stomach revealed cicatrization of the ulcer. Qualify this course of the disease: {=Remission ~Relapse ~Latent period ~Recovery ~Prodromal stage} Food rich in carbohydrates at fi rst increases the blood sugar and then decreases its rate due to the insulin action. What process is activated by this hormone? {=Synthesis of glycogen ~Gluconeogenesis ~Breakdown of glycogen ~Breakdown of proteins ~Breakdown of lipids} After drinking milk a 1-year-old child developed diarrhea, flatulence. The baby is likely to have the deficiency of the following enzyme: {=Lactase ~Maltase ~Aldolase ~Hexokinase ~Glycosidase} In response to the administration of protein drugs, a patient developed an allergic reaction. The development of the allergic reaction is caused by the increased synthesis of the following compound: {=Histamine ~Choline ~Adrenaline ~Histidine ~Serotonin} After a contact with a person having an infectious diseases, the disease pathogens entered the patient’s body and started to multiply, but the symptoms of the disease were not yet observable. What period of the disease is this typical for? {=Latent ~Prodromal ~Manifest illness stage ~Clinical outcome ~Relapse} A male patient developed fever up to 40oC, there are vomiting, diarrhea, the patient is in grave condition. Blood osmolality is 270 mOsm/l. What disorder of water-salt metabolism is observed in the patient? {=Hypoosmolar hypohydration ~Isoosmolar hypohydration ~Hyperosmolar hypohydration ~Isoosmolar hyperhydration ~Hypoosmolar hyperhydration} Diabetes and starvation cause the excess production of ketone bodies that are used as an energy source. They are produced from the following compound: {=Acetyl-CoA ~Isocitrate ~Lactate ~Malate ~Ketoglutarate} A male received a radiation dose of 30 Gy. He presents with necrotic angina, disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. Blood tests revealed anemia, leucopenia and thrombocytopenia. What phase of acute radiation syndrome is observed in the patient? {=Manifest illness stage ~Primary reactions ~Latent ~Outcome of disease ~-} As a result of hypothermia a male patient developed acute diffuse glomerulonephritis. What type of allergic reaction caused damage to the glomerular capillaries in the patient? {=Immunocomplex ~Anaphylactic ~Cytotoxic ~Cell-mediated ~Stimulating} As a result of an emergency situation (shipwreck) a man had to drink sea (salty) water. What form of water-salt imbalance may occur in this case? {=Hyperosmolar hyperhydration ~Hypoosmolar hyperhydration ~Hypotonic hyperhydration ~Isoosmolar hyperhydration ~Isotonic hyperhydration} For the specific prevention of influenza, the employees of an enterprise were vaccinated with "Influvac". What type of immunity will develop in the body of the vaccinated? {=Artificial active ~Innate congenital ~Artificial passive ~Natural active ~Natural passive}