The Palmetto Quarterly Magazine of the Florida Native Plant Society · Vol. 13, No. 3 · Fall 1993 Chinese Tallow Gets Worse! By Greg Jubinsky In 1988, an article entitled "Another Exotic Nuisance - the Chinese Tallow Tree" by Steve Farnsworth, published in The Palmetto, Winter, 1989, referred to Chinese tallow tree (Sapium sebiferum) as the "north Florida melaleuca", in reference to "chilling" similarities to the south and central Florida pest: its potential for rapid expansion; its promotion by beekeepers as a honey plant; and its ability to spread widely from a single parent tree, especially in moist areas. Chinese tallow tree - Sapium seb- iferum (L.) Roxb. - is a member of the Euphorbiaceae, a family of more than 1,000 species and varieties, many of which are classified as poisonous. The genus Sapium consists of approximately 100 species. Common names for S. introduced to various subtropical parts of Additionally, an oil, known as stil-lingia sebiferum in the United States include the world, including the American sunbelt, oil, can be extracted from the seed, and popcorn-tree, Florida aspen, Chinese as an ornamental plant. Earliest accounts has been thoroughly investigated as an tallow and Chinese tallowtree. The latter reported that it was brought to ingredient for varnishes and paints. names arise from the fact that the outer Charleston, South Carolina, in the late The oil is considered poisonous and layer of the seed can be used to obtain 1700s. has been proven to be toxic to cattle. The solid vegetable tallow. The plant is known By the early 1900s the Foreign Plant tree produces heavy seed crops, and the as the popcorn-tree because of the Introduction Division of the U.S. Depart- oil in the seed averages 20% by weight. appearance of white seeds when the cap- ment of Agriculture's Bureau of Plant Since the initial introductions, it has sules split open. Industry introduced it to the U.S. Gulf spread into coastal prairie habitats, and is coast in significant numbers with the now naturalized in the southern coastal Distribution intent of establishing local soap industries plain from South Carolina south to Florida The tree is a native of China, where it based upon the large amounts of and west to Texas. In Florida, it is has been cultivated for at least 14 vegetable tallow found around the seed. distributed from the Alabama border centuries as a seed-oil crop. It has been eastward to Jacksonville and south as far as Tampa. According to the most recent many cases, Chinese tallow has invaded survey conducted by the Department of Florida's ecosystems as a re sult of human Management Natural Resources, the plant can presently introductions. In appropriate habitats, herbicides such as be found in 38 of the 67 Florida counties The plant is deciduous, losing leaves in Garlon (triclopyr) and Banvel 720 (dicamba and is rapidly invading wild areas where it autumn. Fruits ripen from August to plus 2,4-D) should be at least partly has not been seen before, as evidenced November. Maximum life span is probably effective for removing S. sebiferum. by the fact that thirteen of these counties less than 100 years, though root stocks Preliminary Department of Natural have numerous populations, numbering at may live much longer. Typical trees live Resources' test results suggest an 11% least 50 trees per cluster, outside the only 15 to 25 years. triclopyr solution with JLB Oil Plus ornamental landscape. These clusters are The primary vectors for seed dispersal controls trees with dbh less than 6 inches found adjacent to wetlands and in are birds and moving waters. Preliminary (15 cm); while a 20% solution appears to disturbed sites. This is understandable studies indicate that the seeds can float work on larger trees. since Chinese tallow typically thrives in for several weeks and still maintain their Cutting of horizontal shoots results in upland, well- drained areas near human viability. The species also regenerates the immediate production of small habitation, as well as natural, undisturbed from stump sprouts and is easily independent plants, making mechanical areas such as closed canopy forests, in propagated by cuttings. It spreads over control impractical. bottomland hardwood forests, on shores the landscape at a high rate. Seedlings Habitat manipulation may help to of water bodies, and sometimes on quickly produce a taproot system and are control the plant. Controlled burning of floating islands. able to withstand extended periods of Sapium is proposed to evaluate whether drought. this would work in Florida ecosystems. Description A high percentage of plants survive The plant apparently lacks serious S. sebiferum is a small to medium-sized when inundated with fresh water, and insect biocontrols or pathogens in the tree with a milky sap that is commonly when raised in soil wetted, but not United States, though the bagworm, thought to be poisonous. It is a popular inundated, with brackish water, giving Eumeta, from Japan appears to be a pest. ornamental because of its fast growth, them the potential for invading freshwater resistance to pests, and attractive foliage lakes and rivers, as well as tidal estuarine Summary that becomes yellow to red in the fall. It and coastal wetlands. Chinese tallow has been spreading flowers and fruits from the time it is about Part of the flood tolerance in seedlings across the southern coastal plain of the three feet (1 m) tall. Inflorescence on some may be due to heavy growth of lenticels United States, including Florida. It is plants are solitary terminating branchlets, and adventitious roots and the production tolerant of shade, bright sun, and various each narrowly cylindrical, two to eight of thicker feeder roots. These traits are soil conditions. It produces seeds after inches (5-20 cm) long. On other plants, the related to an ability to oxidize root regions only three years of growth, but it can also inflorescence is branched. The fruit is and are typical of woody plants capable of reproduce vegetatively. The seeds are usually threelobed with one seed in each surviving prolonged flooding and low soil used as food by wildlife, further lobe. Each fruit is about 0.4 of an inch (1 redox potentials. disseminating the plant. It monopolizes cm) long and broad; it dehisces to leave The plant is restricted by climate only if space and colonizes in greater density three dull white, roundish seeds covered temperatures drop below about O'F -18C). than native flora. It competes with native with a white, waxy coating that stay S. sebiferum can have significant effects plants that provide preferred cover and attached to the plant for a period of time, on surrounding ecosystems. They may food for native fauna. and superficially resemble popcorn. increase eutrophication by adding In short, it is bad news It is commonplace to find trees 15 to 20 (actually recycling) nutrients through feet tall (4.5-6 m), with some older sites decay of their leaves, which is more rapid having plants at heights of 30 to 40 feet than that of native Salix nigra (black A copy of the complete 15-page report, titled (9-12 m). The national champion, located willow) and other deciduous leaves. "Sapiurn sebiferurn, Literature Review and in Travis County, Texas, is 10 feet (3m) in Furthermore, the plant produces tannins, Status in Florida", is available from Technical Services Section, 3919 Commonwealth Blvd., circumference, 52 feet (16m) in height, with which are known to inhibit the feeding of Mail Station 710, Tallahassee, FL 32399-3000. an 86-foot (26m) spread. isopod and amaphipod invertebrates of aquatic systems and which are also toxic Greg Jubinsky is environmental ad- Biology to vertebrates. ministrator for the Technical Services Chinese tallow possesses the classical Additionally, the plant produces toxic Section for Aquatic Plant Management characteristics of most exotic pest species: organic chemicals capable of stupe-fying (formerly part of the Department of it grows quickly, fruits when young, fish. It also produces skin-irritating and Natural Resources; as of July 1, 1993, produces abundant seeds, is resistant to tumor-promoting esters. The latex is acrid Department of En-ronmental Pro- native pests, grows in a wide range of and induces blistering. Florida biota are tection). soils, invades undis turbed habitats, and not adapted to these powerful chemical has traits that people find attractive and defenses and would, in many cases, be are therefore promoted and distributed. In repressed by them. Holm, L., J.V. Pancho, J.P. Herberger and D.L. Munroe, C. 1981. Restoration and management of the Plucknett. 1979. A Geographical Atlas of World Armand Bayou Praide, Ohio Biol. Surv. Biol. Notes BIBLIOGRAPHY Weeds. Wiley -Interscience, New York. 15:Abstracts. Hook, D.D. 1984. Adaptations to flooding with fresh Nishida, E. 1983. Biologies and parasite complexes of Ansari, A.A., and G. Nand. 1987. Little known water. pp. 265-294. In T.T. Kozlowski, Ed., two bagworms, Eumeta japonica and Eumeta economic plants of Pauri Garhwal. Ind. J. Flooding and Plant Growth. Academic Press, minuscula (Lepidoptera, Psychidae), in Japan. Forest 10:316-317. New York. Kontyu (Tokyo) 51:394-411. Aziz , P. 1987. Agro-botany of Sapium sebiferum a Jones, R.H., and K.W. McLeod. 1989. Shade Presnell, R. 1992. Pers. comm. to J.D. Oliver, rich source of tallow and stillingia oil. Biologia tolerance in seedlings of Chinese tallow tree, Northwest Fla. Water Management District. 33:367-371. American sycamore, and cherrybark oak. Bull. Rielly, F.J. 1947. An investigation of the oil from the Bailey, H.S. 1938. Vegetable tallow and stillingia Torrey Bot. Club 116:371-377. seed of Sapium sebiferum Master's Thesis, Texas oil. Cotton Oil Press 4(1920):50.