5780 - dbhbn ovrct [email protected] 1 sxc HALACHIC AND HASHKAFIC ISSUES IN CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY 157 - HALACHA IN EXTREME PLACES PART 3 - THE FINAL FRONTIER? MITZVOT IN SPACE OU ISRAEL CENTER - WINTER 2020 A] SPACE EXPLORATION - JEWISH AND OTHER The first human being to leave planet Earth was Yuri Gagarin, who went into orbit on 12 April 1961. The Apollo 11 mission touched down on the moon on 20 July 1969 and man walked on the moon. Over the last 60 years, many people have left the planet to spend time in space, including on the International Space Station, which received its first residents in November 2000. Humans will continue to go into orbit regularly over the coming years. The next manned mission to the moon is likely to be before 2030. A manned mission to Mars is currently unachievable, but is likely before 2050. There have been 16 Jewish astronauts to date 1, including Judith Resnik, who died in the Challenger disaster in 1986 and Ilan Ramon, who died in the Columbia disaster in 2003. Whilst none of them were halachically observant when going into space, Ilan Ramon was keen to bring Jewish identity and some halachic practice into space. 2 He approached Rabbi Tzvi Konikov, the rabbi of Cape Canaveral, who in turn approached Rabbi Levi Yitzchak Halperin, the director of Jerusalem’s Institute for Science and Halacha. Rabbi Halperin wrote a responsum, and eventually published a pamphlet entitled Im Esak Shamayim. However, decades earlier, after the moon landing in 1969, Rav Menachem Kasher produced a detailed analysis in his sefer HaAdam Al HaYareach. This in turn provoked a spirited halachic discussion in the early 1970’s on the issue of Jews in Space 3. B] HALACHIC ISSUES ARISING Halachic issues arising include: • Whether mitzvot apply at all in space. • How to calculate the beginning and end of Shabbat. • How to calculate times for davening. • Questions arising out of ‘space food’ - eg kiddush through a straw. • How to do kiddush levana when on the moon! C] HASHKAFIC CONCERNS AND THE MOON LANDING C1] THE COSMOS ACCORDING TO THE RAMBAM ohuuv ovu vrumu okudn ohrcujn iva ohturc ivn /ohekj vakak ekjb unkugc tuv lurc ausev trca vn kf 1. ibht kct vrumu okudn ohrcujn iva ohturc ivnu /,uf,nvu ohjnmvu vnvcvu ostv ,upud unf - shn, ohsxpbu ohkdkdv ovu - ukt unf ihb,an ibhtu onkudc okugk vguce i,rum tkt ohbuatrv unf vrumk vrumnu ;udk ;udn ihb,an 'ohftknv ovu kkf okud tkc vrum ohturc ivnu /,urum rtaf o,rum tku ohnkud rtaf onkud ihtu /ivca ohcfufvu /uzn uz ,usrpb ,urum tkt vhudu ;ud obht ohftknva d vfkv c erp vru,v hsuxh ,ufkv o"cnr The Rambam follows the Aristotelian model of the cosmos, whereby the created universe comprises three different types of form/matter - (i) earthly matter from which all physical existence on the planet is made (which divides into four - earth, water, fire and air); (ii) ethereal matter (the fifth essence or quintessence) from which the heavenly crystalline spheres are made. This is fundamentally different to the earthly matter; (iii) the spiritual form of the melachim (which have form, but no matter at all). 1. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jewish_astronauts. Not all of these are necessary halachically Jewish, but identified as Jews. 2. He said that he felt like he was representing all Jews and all Israelis in space. He was the first spaceflight participant to request kosher food, which NASA initially had no way of accommodating. In the end, NASA contacted My Own Meals, a company in Deerfield, IL that sells certified kosher food in ‘thermo-stabilized’ sealed pouches for campers. He also sought advice from Chabad Lubavitch rabbi of Cape Canaveral , R. Zvi Konikov, about how to observe Shabbat in space, as the period between sunrises in orbit is approximately 90 minutes. Ilan Ramon carried a Torah scroll into space and made kiddush in space. See https://www.chabad.org/multimedia/media_cdo/aid/633325/jewish/Remembering-Ilan-Ramon.htm for Rabbi Konikov’s speech at the memorial for the astronauts. When Ramon raised his halachic questions with Rabbi Konikov, his first response was "Jerusalem we have a problem". See also the moving interview with Ilan Ramon - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1JsyVquNbNY from minutes 1:40 3. For Mel Brooks devotees who remember his 1981 classic, see https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZAZhtT-dUyo To download more source sheets and audio shiurim visit www.rabbimanning.com 5780 - dbhbn ovrct [email protected] 2 sxc //// jrhv kdkd tuv ubnn curev kdkd //// wohnaw ohtrebv ov ohkdkdv 2. t vfkv d erp vru,v hsuxh ,ufkv o"cnr The moon is the first of these heavenly spheres and, for the Rambam, is clearly categorized as past of ‘shamayim’. sjt kf 'okugv vhvu rnta hn ,t ihrhfnu ohsnugu ohhj ovu 'ov kfavu vgsu apb hkgc ikuf ohkdkdvu ohcfufv kf 3. ,t ihrhfn lf tuv lurc ausev ihrhfna oafu /ohftknv unf ormuhk ohrtpnu ohjcan 'u,kgn hpku uksd hpk sjtu /ost hbc ,gsn vkusdu ohftknv ,gsn vyugn ohkdkdvu ohcfufv ,gsu /ivn vkgnka ohftknv ,t ihrhfnu inmg y vfkv d erp vru,v hsuxh ,ufkv o"cnr Perhaps surprisingly, the Rambam understands that the heavenly bodies, including the moon, are spiritual entities too, with mental understanding. The are self-aware and are also aware of, and connected with, God and the angelic beings. Their knowledge is however lesser than that of the melachim. • It seem quite clear that one would NOT be able to cross from the sub-lunar to the supra-lunar sphere in a physical rocket! C2] THE COSMOS ACCORDING TO THE RAMBAN kkuf 'okugv rusf kfc vthrcc tmnbv kfa 'wj euxpc uhrcs lanvc ehxva vnn sujhcu 'ukt i"cnr hrcsn ubsnk cdtu 4. ,uhju ohftknv iudf ;ud hkgc obhta ohrcs er tuv ohna hf /"ohna" oac ohtreb obht 'ohnav tcm kfu jrhvu anav ohkv,c euxpv ,t vz hpk i"cnrv rthcu /wt euxpc rfzuva ".rtv" oac kkfb ;ud kgc tuva rcs kf kct /vcfrnv UvUk$k % &'v ch,fsf wohnav hnaw ohtreb ohbuhkgu ohbu,j, ovca ohkdkdv hrusfk yap,h vz rntnu :k"zu j"ne runzn oaa iuatrc ohrfzbv ohnav kct :o (h%)n)X'v k+'g,n -r./01t o (h2'N'v4$u o(h5)n)X'v h6,n$0 UvUk$k % &'v :r7u %t h ,c$f7u89:k)9 UvU2k$k 4'v j5,r)h$u' 0 /n6/0 wv:, /t U6k$k%'v -V?)h Uk$k8'v :runznv vz ,kj,c ohrfzbv ov h=(t$x(9 o(h6'n)X'v (t:ux uvhgah) ch,fs tuv lurc ausev ka utxf oac ohtrebv ukhptu 'okugc ohtrcbv kfa uhrcsn rtucnu /k fg uh5)f)t$k'n:k)f UvU8k$k%'v (c) :oh %(n7ur $N'C UvU2k$k% 4'v o(h5'n)X'v:i (n /// ann ohna vagnn rcs oua rfzuv tk ,hatrc vagnc hf /.rtv ,thrck ohfhha okuf 'wohnav hnaw t euxp t erp ,hatrc ceghk ,nt The position of the Ramban (brought here by R. Yaakov Kaminetsky in the Emet LeYaakov) is quite different. For him, the concept of ‘Shamayim’ relates ONLY to the purely spiritual realm. The planets, star and outer space are part of the physical universe, which are included in ‘aretz’. hckc h,caju /vbckv kdkd kg okux h g xuynv kgn ohsruh ost hbca lht ubhtra vgac hk usnga ov vkt i cnr hrcsu 5. 'thpuxhkhpv ,t vkcev vjmb ,gfa hckc h,rvrvu AB,hbjur vrum ,kgc thv vbckva c,fa k z o cnrv ,gf vbgh vn /ukt i cnr hrcsc hnmg ,t h,njbu ouenca hp kg ;t f t 'ohhj ohekt hrcs uktu ukt ka rsdc ubt ohrcuxa ohbuatrv hrcsk ohxjhh,n ubjbta hpf kct tk gusn vru,v hsuxh ,ufkvc o cnrv vgy otu /ohkavk h,kufh tk ,ugy hrcs uhrcs uhvha kct u,unf vfkv iht vz ABvnusfu ,ca ,ufkvc vgyh hsuxh ,ufkv ka ohbuatrv oherpv ,gcrtc o cnrv c,fa ohbhbgv kf kg vun,k ah vrutfk vbvs 'vzc vtrbvu xsrp u,ut ihtrue ohbuatrv ohnfja ov ukt oherp vgcrt hbhbgu :k zu (dh:s) ukt ,ufkv ;uxc o cnrv c,f tv /vru,v htsuc f tu /wufu u,gsc ihcnu ofj vhv f tt shjhc vcfrnc tku wuf ,hatrc vagnc iharus iht :t,ht (:th) vdhdjcu 'wufu o cnrva yrpcu Akfk onxrhpu uruchjc o cnrv ic,f lht f tu /izutk vpn vp kgc urxnb tkt ukt ohbhhbg uc,fb tk Aurpxc ic,f gusn f tu /wufu ohcrc uktv ohrcsc iharus ihta vzv ihsv thcv (h:s) unmg tkt /,hatrc vagn tku vcfrn vagn tk vz iht ukt oherpc o cnrv ubk rxna vna rnuk ihfhrm ubt ubjrf kgcu vz hrv tkt 'vru,v ,nfjn tka rnukf /,uhbumhj ,unfjc ,ughsh lu,n vcjrv u,gsn vkt oherp wsv kf c,f /a hhgu vjek curc u,yv thpuxhkhpva d hex y ge whx s uhc t rdv uhkg dhav rcfa rntbu /tnkgc thpuxhkhp kg ihuumn ktrah ,hc kf :wv erpn khj,n rpxv rehgu 'vezjv sh rpxk vnsev ru,c er ukt oherp c,f o cnrvu //e usu 'vnusfu ,ca ,ufkvc ,uhugyk ukt ,ufkvc ,uhugy ,unsk ihtu /wufu oav aushe t euxp t erp ,hatrc ceghk ,nt R. Yaakov Kaminetsky experienced mixed feelings at the moon-landing. Not only did it seemed to vindicate the position of the Ramban - clearly the moon is a physical body - but it also seemed to undermine the credibility of the Rambam generally4. How do he be so wrong about this? Rav Kaminetsky concludes that the first 4 chapters of Mishne Torah are not really halacha 5, but philosophy and natural philosophy, which he did not take from Chazal.