Online Student Guide Cause and Effect Diagrams OpusWorks 2019, All Rights Reserved 1 Table of Contents LEARNING OBJECTIVES ....................................................................................................................................4 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................................4 WHAT IS A “ROOT CAUSE”? ......................................................................................................................................................... 4 WHAT IS A “ROOT CAUSE ANALYSIS”?...................................................................................................................................... 4 ADDRESSING THE ROOT CAUSE .................................................................................................................................................. 5 ROOT CAUSE ANALYSIS: THREE BASIC STEPS ........................................................................................................................ 5 CAUSE AND EFFECT TOOLS .......................................................................................................................................................... 6 FIVE WHYS ...........................................................................................................................................................6 THE FIVE WHYS ............................................................................................................................................................................. 6 THE 5 WHYS: KEY BENEFITS ...................................................................................................................................................... 6 FIVE WHYS EXAMPLE ................................................................................................................................................................... 7 EVERYDAY LIFE SCENARIO .......................................................................................................................................................... 7 HOSPITAL SCENARIO ..................................................................................................................................................................... 8 ANOTHER WAY TO LOOK AT THE PROCESS ............................................................................................................................. 8 ROOT CAUSE ANALYSIS ....................................................................................................................................8 THINGS TO KEEP IN MIND DURING A ROOT CAUSE ANALYSIS ............................................................................................ 8 THE RESULT OF IMPLEMENTING A POORLY DESIGNED PROBLEM ..................................................................................... 9 DEFINING AND DETERMINING THE ROOT CAUSE ................................................................................................................... 9 FIRE FIGHTER VS. FACTS AND DATA DRIVEN ANALYSIS... ................................................................................................ 10 DEVELOPING THE PROBLEM SOLUTION ................................................................................................................................. 10 EXAMPLES OF FINDING THE SOLUTION ................................................................................................................................. 11 RULES OF CAUSE AND EFFECT .................................................................................................................... 11 THE RULES OF CAUSE AND EFFECT ........................................................................................................................................ 11 UNDERSTANDING WHAT WE CAN AND CANNOT CONTROL ............................................................................................. 12 RULE #1: EVERYTHING HAPPENS FOR A REASON .............................................................................................................. 12 RULE #2: CAUSE AND EFFECT ARE PART OF A CONTINUOUS CHAIN ............................................................................... 13 RULE # 3: AN EFFECT CAN RESULT IN BOTH A DIRECT CAUSE AND A CONDITIONAL CAUSE ................................... 14 ROOT CAUSE ANALYSIS DIAGRAM .......................................................................................................................................... 15 THE OVERALL PROCESS SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................................ 15 CAUSE AND EFFECT TOOLS .......................................................................................................................... 16 SOME TOOLS OF ROOT CAUSE ANALYSIS .............................................................................................................................. 16 CAUSE AND EFFECT TOOLS 2 ................................................................................................................................................... 16 GETTING IDEAS – BRAINSTORMING ........................................................................................................................................ 16 AFFINITY DIAGRAM ....................................................................................................................................... 16 THE FISHBONE DIAGRAM ............................................................................................................................. 17 FISHBONE DIAGRAM ................................................................................................................................................................... 17 CONSTRUCTING THE FISHBONE DIAGRAM ............................................................................................................................ 18 IDENTIFYING DIRECT AND CONDITIONAL CAUSES .............................................................................................................. 18 WHEN TO USE THE FISHBONE DIAGRAM ............................................................................................................................... 19 PARETO CHART ............................................................................................................................................... 19 XY MATRIX ........................................................................................................................................................ 20 2 THE XY MATRIX .......................................................................................................................................................................... 20 DEFINING THE XY MATRIX ....................................................................................................................................................... 20 STEPS 1&2 HOW TO CONSTRUCT AN XY MATRIX .............................................................................................................. 21 STEP 3 HOW TO CONSTRUCT AN XY MATRIX ...................................................................................................................... 21 STEP 4 HOW TO CONSTRUCT AN XY MATRIX ...................................................................................................................... 21 STEP 5 HOW TO CONSTRUCT AN XY MATRIX ...................................................................................................................... 22 STEP 6 HOW TO CONSTRUCT AN XY MATRIX ...................................................................................................................... 22 STEP 7 HOW TO CONSTRUCT AN XY MATRIX ...................................................................................................................... 22 STEP 8 HOW TO CONSTRUCT AN XY MATRIX ...................................................................................................................... 23 CREATE A PARETO CHART FROM THE C&E MATRIX .......................................................................................................... 23 © 2019 by OpusWorks. 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Comments Please address any questions or comments to your distributor or to OpusWorks at [email protected]. 3 Learning Objectives Upon completion of this course, student will be able to: • Learn the three basic steps for identifying and preventing problems • Apply basic cause and effect principles in order to identify the root cause of a problem • Use techniques for gathering information for cause and effect analysis, including Five Whys and Brainstorming • Organize data and information for analysis using the Affinity Diagram and the Fishbone (Ishikawa) Diagram • Analyze a process using Root Cause Analysis and The XY Matrix Introduction What is cause and effect? Cause and effect