Livelihood and Food Security Assessment (LFSA) Jamshoro, Sanghar, Umerkot and Tharparkar (Sindh-Pakistan) November 2017 Livelihood and Food Security Assessment (LFSA) Jamshoro, Sanghar, Umerkot and Tharparkar (Sindh-Pakistan) November 2017 ©Food Security Cluster, Pakistan 2017 All right reserved. This Material is copyright, however, it may be reproduced for educational purposes. The Food Security Cluster Pakistan should be informed of any such reproduction. Disclaimer This interpretations and observations expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflects the position of all Food Security Cluster partners. All photographs used in this publication are courtesy of © FAO/ Ajmal Contents Acknowledgment ......................................................................................................................................... i Executive Summary ......................................................................................................................................ii 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Objectives of the Assessment ........................................................................................................... 2 2. Methodology ....................................................................................................................................... 4 2.1 Sampling Methodology ..................................................................................................................... 4 2.2 Training on LFSA Questionnaire ........................................................................................................ 4 2.3 Data Collection .................................................................................................................................. 4 2.4 Data Entry and Analysis .................................................................................................................... 5 2.5 Limitations of the analysis ............................................................................................................ 5 3. Regional, Demographic and Economic Profile of the Surveyed Households ..................................... 6 3.1 Regional Profile of Surveyed Households ......................................................................................... 6 3.2 Demographic and Economic Profile of Surveyed Households ......................................................... 8 4. Agriculture ........................................................................................................................................ 10 4.1 Land Ownership and Cultivation ..................................................................................................... 10 4.2 Status of Ownership of Cultivated Land ......................................................................................... 11 4.3 Sufficiency of Own Produced Cereals for Household Consumption .............................................. 12 4.4 Availability of Water for Agricultural Activities .............................................................................. 14 4.5 Support Required by Households to Improve Crop Production ..................................................... 15 4.6 Livestock Ownership ....................................................................................................................... 16 4.7 Livestock Losses .............................................................................................................................. 17 4.8 Livestock Sales ................................................................................................................................ 19 4.9 Livestock Support Needed by Livestock Owners ............................................................................ 20 5. Household Assets Ownership, Livelihood/Income Sources and Food Expenditure ......................... 22 5.1 Household assets ownership .......................................................................................................... 22 5.2 Household Livelihood, Income and Expenditure, Loans and Assets .............................................. 23 5.2.1 Primary and Secondary Income sources .................................................................................. 23 5.2.2 Women’s Livelihood Sources ................................................................................................... 24 5.2.3 Monthly Income and Food Expenditure Share ........................................................................ 24 6. Food Consumption and Dietary Diversity ......................................................................................... 25 6.1 Food consumption Score (FCS) ....................................................................................................... 25 6.1.1 Sources of Food........................................................................................................................ 25 6.2 Household Dietary Diversity ........................................................................................................... 26 6.3 Food-based Coping Strategies ........................................................................................................ 27 6.4 Livelihood-based Coping Strategies ................................................................................................ 27 6.5 Dietary Diversity among Women and Children .............................................................................. 28 7. Markets ............................................................................................................................................. 30 8. Food Insecurity.................................................................................................................................. 31 8.1 Prevalence of Moderate and Severe Food Insecurity .................................................................... 31 8.2 Household Hunger Score (HHS) ...................................................................................................... 32 9. Shocks and Coping Strategies ........................................................................................................... 34 9.1 Shocks ............................................................................................................................................. 34 9.2 Debt ................................................................................................................................................. 36 9.3 Migration ......................................................................................................................................... 39 10. Health and Nutrition ...................................................................................................................... 41 10.1 Access to Healthcare ..................................................................................................................... 41 10.2 Disability ........................................................................................................................................ 42 10.3 Malnutrition .................................................................................................................................. 43 10.3.1 Child Malnutrition .................................................................................................................. 43 10.3.2 Malnutrition among Pregnant and Lactating Women (PLW) ................................................ 45 11. Housing, Water and Sanitation ...................................................................................................... 47 11.1 Housing ......................................................................................................................................... 47 11.2 Access to Water ............................................................................................................................ 50 11.3 Access to Sanitation ...................................................................................................................... 54 12. Assistance ....................................................................................................................................... 57 13. Conclusions and Recommendations .............................................................................................. 60 13.1 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................... 60 13.2 Recommendations ........................................................................................................................ 62 Acknowledgment The Livelihoods and Food Security Assessment (LFSA) was designed and implemented by the Pakistan Food Security Cluster (FSC) in four districts (Tharparkar, Jamshoro, Sanghar and Umerkot) of Sindh. We would like to express our deepest appreciation to all organizations and individuals especially the field enumerators and district team leaders for their contribution in this assessment. FSC would like to acknowledge the contribution of Provincial Disaster Management Authority (PDMA-Sindh), Sindh Bureau of Statistics, Provincial Nutrition Cell/Nutrition Support Programme and Agriculture and Livestock Departments of Sindh for their support, technical advice and inputs on design and execution of