10 MM VENKATESHWARA OPEN UNIVERSITY NATIONALISM www.vou.ac.in NATIONALISM NATIONALISM [M.A. HISTORY] VENKATESHWARA OPEN UNIVERSITYwww.vou.ac.in NATIONALISM MA [History] BOARD OF STUDIES Prof Lalit Kumar Sagar Vice Chancellor Dr. S. Raman Iyer Director Directorate of Distance Education SUBJECT EXPERT Dr. Pratyusha Dasgupta Assistant Professor Dr. Meenu Sharma Assistant Professor Sameer Assistant Professor CO-ORDINATOR Mr. Tauha Khan Registrar Authors: R. P. Tripathy (Units: 3.2-3.4, 3.8.3-3.8.4) © R. P. Tripathy, 2019 Dr Shreeparna Roy (Unit: 3.7) © Dr Shreeparna Roy, 2019 Vikas Publishing House (Units: 1, 2, 3.0-3.1, 3.5-3.6, 3.8-3.8.2, 3.9-3.13, 4, 5) © Reserved, 2019 All rights reserved. No part of this publication which is material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or transmitted or utilized or stored in any form or by any means now known or hereinafter invented, electronic, digital or mechanical, including photocopying, scanning, recording or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior written permission from the Publisher. Information contained in this book has been published by VIKAS® Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. and has been obtained by its Authors from sources believed to be reliable and are correct to the best of their knowledge. However, the Publisher and its Authors shall in no event be liable for any errors, omissions or damages arising out of use of this information and specifically disclaim any implied warranties or merchantability or fitness for any particular use. Vikas® is the registered trademark of Vikas® Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. VIKAS® PUBLISHING HOUSE PVT LTD E-28, Sector-8, Noida - 201301 (UP) Phone: 0120-4078900 Fax: 0120-4078999 Regd. Office: A-27, 2nd Floor, Mohan Co-operative Industrial Estate, New Delhi 1100 44 Website: www.vikaspublishing.com Email: [email protected] SYLLABI-BOOK MAPPING TABLE Nationalism Syllabi Mapping in Book A. Theories of Nationalism: Ernest Gellner, Anthony D. Smith, Unit 1: Theories of Nationalism Anderson, Partha Chatterjee and Others (Pages 3-35) B. Socio- economic and political aspects of European Unit 2: Socio Economic and Political Nationalism; Liberalism in England; French Revolution Aspects of European Nationalism of 1789, 1830 and 1848, their impact on Europe; Rise of (Pages 37-103) nationalism in Russia, and unification of Germany and Italy, the Balkans - pan Slavism C. Early nationalism stirrings, impact of First World Unit 3: Early Stirrings War, Russian Revolution, Kemalist Revolution, Zionism of Nationalism and Palestinian Nationalism, India and China till the 1940s, (Pages 105-171) Japanese Nationalism. D. Second World War and impact on Nationalist movements Unit 4: Nationalist Movements in in Asia and Africa, case studies of Nigeria and Egypt, Asia and Africa (Pages 173-206) Indonesia and Vietnam. E. Nation building in Africa and Asia, problems of national Unit 5: Nation-Building integration, social-economic development, ethnicity and in Asia and Africa continued nationalist upsurges within the newly formed (Pages 207-225) states. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 UNIT 1 THEORIES OF NATIONALISM 3-35 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Unit Objectives 1.2 Definitions of Nationalism 1.3 Early Nationalism and Nation in Nationalism 1.4 Historical Context of Nationalism 1.5 Theories of Nationalism 1.5.1 Hans Kohn 1.5.2 Ernest Gellner 1.5.3 Anthony D. Smith 1.5.4 Benedict Anderson 1.5.5 Partha Chatterjee 1.6 Different Approaches to Nationalism 1.7 Summary 1.8 Key Terms 1.9 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ 1.10 Questions and Exercises 1.11 Further Reading UNIT 2 SOCIO ECONOMICAND POLITICALASPECTS OF EUROPEAN NATIONALISM 37-103 2.0 Introduction 2.1 Unit Objectives 2.2 The Era of Restoration and Reaction 2.2.1 Reaction from the Age of Rationalism 2.2.2 The Romantic Movement 2.3 The Triumph of Conservatism: Austria and Russia 2.3.1 The Russian Angle 2.4 The Bourbon Restoration In France 2.4.1 Temporary Reaction in Great Britain (1815-22) 2.4.2 The First Rifts in the Conservative System 2.5 French Revolution 1789 2.5.1 Monetary Condition of France in 1789 2.5.2 Grievances of the Different Class 2.5.3 The Calling of the States-General 2.6 The Period of the French Revolution 2.6.1 The Constitution of 1791 2.6.2 The Legislative Assembly: Beginning of the War 2.7 The Second Period of the Revolution—The First Republic 2.7.1 The Reign of Terror 2.7.2 Levee En Mass and its Significance 2.7.3 The Republic of Virtue: Fall of Robespierre 2.8 The Napoleonic Administration 2.8.1 Household Achievements of Napoleon 2.8.2 Wars of Napoleon 2.8.3 The Russian Campaign and the Downfall of Napoleon 2.8.4 Character and Achievements of Napoleon 2.9 Untrest of 1838 2.9.1 Demeanor of Different Social Classes toward Constitutional Government 2.9.2 The End of the Bourbon Monarchy (1814-1830) 2.9.3 The ‘July Monarchy’ (1830-1848) 2.9.4 The Revolutions of 1848 2.10 Ascent of Patriotism in Russia 2.10.1 The Aftermath of the Crimean War 2.10.2 The Emancipation of the Serfs 2.10.3 Other Reforms of Alexander II 2.10.4 The Spread of Anarchism, Nihilism, and Terrorism 2.10.5 Alexander III and the Policy of Russification 2.10.6 Nicholas II and the Revolution of 1905 2.11 Unification of Germany 2.11.1 The Decade of Repression After 1848 2.11.2 The Prussian System 2.11.3 Otto von Bismarck (1815-98) 2.11.4 The Austro-Prussian War 2.11.5 The Franco-Prussian War 2.12. Unification of Italy 2.12.1 The National Spirit Stirs (1815-48) 2.12.2 Abortive Revolts 2.12.3 The Political Unification of Italy 2.13 The Balkans 2.13.1 The Crumbling Empire of the Sultan (1815-78) 2.14 Summary 2.15 Key Terms 2.16 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ 2.17 Questions and Exercises 2.18 Further Reading UNIT 3 EARLY STIRRINGS OF NATIONALISM 105-171 3.0 Introduction 3.1 Unit Objectives 3.2 Nationalism as a Cause and Consequence of the First World War 3.3 Russian Revolution 3.3.1 Causes for the Outbreak of the Revolution 3.3.2 Course of the Revolution 3.3.3 Lenin's Leadership 3.4 Kemalist Revolution 3.5 Zionism and Palestinian Nationalism 3.5.1 Palestinian Nationalism 3.6 Growth of Nationalism in India 3.6.1 Growth of Nationalism under Gandhi 3.6.2 Khilafat Movement 3.6.3 Non-Cooperation Movement 3.6.4 Civil Disobedience Movement 3.7 Chinese Nationalism till the 1940s 3.7.1 National Crisis 3.7.2 Imperialist Inequity 3.7.3 The Intellectual Response: The New Culture Movement 3.7.4 Significance of the New Culture Movement 3.7.5 Formation of the Republic of China and Nationalist Government 3.8 Japanese Nationalism 3.8.1 Growth of Nationalism in the Meiji Period (1868-1911) 3.8.2 Nationalist Politics 3.8.3 Japan after the First World War 3.8.4 Militarist Parties and Ultra-Nationalism in Japan 3.9 Summary 3.10 Key Terms 3.11 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ 3.12 Questions and Exercises 3.13 Further Reading UNIT 4 NATIONALIST MOVEMENTS INASIAANDAFRICA 173-206 4.0 Introduction 4.1 Unit Objectives 4.2 Second World War and Impact on Nationalist Movements in Asia and Africa 4.2.1 Patriotism, Decolonization and Autonomy in Southeast Asia 4.2.2 Patriotism, Decolonization and Autonomy in Africa 4.3 Safety and Insurgency in Latin America 4.3.1 The Mexican Revolution 4.3.2 The Cuban Revolution 4.3.3 Insurgency in Nicaragua 4.3.4 Revolutions in Guatemala, Honduras and El Salvador 4.3.5 Reliance, Military and Transformation in South America 4.4 Decolonization and Arab Patriotism 4.5 Nationalist encounters in East Asia 4.5.1 Nationalism in Japan 4.5.2 Progressive Patriotism and the People’s Republic of China 4.6 Nationalistic Development in Europe and the United States 4.7 Summary 4.8 Key Terms 4.9 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ 4.10 Questions and Exercises 4.11 Further Reading UNIT 5 NATION-BUILDING INASIAANDAFRICA 207-225 5.0 Introduction 5.1 Unit Objectives 5.2 Post-Freedom Processes: Nation-Building and National Integration 5.3 Nation-Building in India 5.4 Summary 5.5 Key Terms 5.6 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ 5.7 Questions and Exercises 5.8 Further Reading Introduction INTRODUCTION Nationalism is an ideology based on the premise that the individual’s loyalty and NOTES devotion to the nation-state surpasses other individual or group interests. Nationalism involves national identity which includes the social conditioning and personal behaviours that support a state’s decisions and actions. From a political or sociological perspective, there are two main viewpoints on the origin and basis of nationalism. One is the primordialist perspective that describes nationalism as a reflection of the ancient and perceived evolutionary tendency of humans to organize into distinct groupings based on an affinity of birth. The other is the modernist perspective that describes nationalism as a recent phenomenon which requires the structural conditions of modern society for existence. Nationalism was a significant cause for World War I. Before the occurrence of this War, many Europeans nurtured a firm belief in the cultural, economic and military supremacy of their nation, a belief that justifies Europe’s failure to recognize the perils of war. The reactions to European dominion changed manifold after the two World Wars, comprising nationalistic fervour in frontier domains, which, in the long-run, gained independence, like India, to the progressive developments in the post-war period that toppled conventional rulers while dislodging European as well as other outside forces, like some previous settlements in Africa and Southeast Asia.