STONE DISEASE EDITORS JOHN DENSTEDT - SAAD KHOURY p 2nd International Consultation on Stone Disease September 5, 2007 EDITION 2008 Acknowledgement We would like to thank : • The Société Internationale d’Urologie for their logistical support during the organization of the consultation at the SIU Congress in Paris, as well as for their aid in facilitating the publication and diffusion of this book. • The Urology Department at La Pitié Hospital in Paris and its chairman Professor F. Richard for kindly providing logistic assistance for the editing of this book. We would also like to thank all the contributors for their enthusiastic support and help. The 2nd International Consultation on Stone Disease, held at the 29th Congress of the Société Internationale d’Urologie was supported by Boston Scientific, Cook Medical, Gyrus ACMI, and Olympus. The distribution of the 2nd International Consultation on Stone Disease Book and CD ROM was made possible through a grant from Karl Storz. 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ISBN 0-9546956-7-4 Lay-out : S.TAIEB 2 FOREWORD ver the past three decades tremendous changes O have occurred in the management of urolithiasis. In the developed world, extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy and endoscopic techniques have almost completely replaced open surgery as the treatment method for patients with surgical stone problems. Advances continue to occur with the ongoing improvement in endoscopic techniques and technology. Digital fiber-optic endoscopes, the advent of the holmium laser, and improvement in ancillary devices such as nitinol baskets, access sheaths, and novel guidewires are but some examples of improvements that have occurred as a result of the march in surgical technology. The goal of the Second International Consultation on stone disease was to bring together global leaders in urolithiasis each of whom, were tasked to examine in John D. Denstedt detail different aspects of stone disease. This included Professor of Urology a wide range of areas from epidemiology and economics, Chairman, Dpt of Surgery, lithotripsy technology, methods of management for Schulich School of ureteral and renal stones, to the latest state-of-the-art in Medicine & Dentistry. diagnosis and medical strategies for urolithiasis. The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Similar to the first international consultation, this CANADA endeavour has taken a global perspective to stone disease achieved by populating the various committees with experts from throughout the world. This volume reflects the current state-of-the-art for urinary stones and proves a useful reference for urologists involved in assessing and managing patients with urinary stone disease. 3 MEMBERS OF THE COMMITTEES (by Committee) COMMITTEE 1 A COMMITTEE 5 Epidemiology of Stone Disease Treatment of Renal Stone Gary Curhan, USA Jean de la Rosette, The Netherlands David Goldfarb, USA Pierre Conort, France Alberto Trinchieri, Italy Mahesh Desai, India Gustavo Gomez, Mexico COMMITTEE 1 B Jorge Gutierrez-Aceves, Mexico Economics of Stone Disease Adrian Joyce, United Kingdom Gary Curhan, USA Ali Riza Kural,Turkey Ganesh Gopalakrishnan, India Raymond J. Leveillee, USA Yair Lotan, USA Jens Rassweiler, Germany Kenneth Pace, Canada Andreas Skolarikos, Greece David Tolley, United Kingdom Mario Sofer, Israel COMMITTEE 2 COMMITTEE 6 Evaluation of the Stone Former Management of Ureteral Calculi Dean G. Assimos, USA Hans-Göran Tiselius, Sweden Ben Chew, Canada Damien Bolton, Australia Marguerite Hatch, USA Michele Gallucci, Italy Richard Hautmann, Germany Thomas Knoll, Germany Ross Holmes, USA Stephen Y Nakada, USA James Williams, USA Bradley Newell, Australia J. Stuart Wolf, USA Olivier Traxer, France COMMITTEE 3 COMMITTEE 7 A Medical management of urolithiasis Pediatric Stone Disease Margaret S. Pearle, USA Hassan Razvi, Canada John R. Asplin, USA Christian Türk, Austria Fredric L. Coe, USA Michael Conlin, USA Allen Rodgers, South Africa Enrique Mues, Mexico Elaine M. Worcester, USA COMMITTEE 7 B COMMITTEE 4 Stones in Pregnancy Stone Technology: Shock Wave and Hassan Razvi, Canada Intracorporeal Lithotripsy Ondina Harryman, United Kingdom James E. Lingeman, USA Francis Keeley, United Kingdom Darren Beiko, Canada Robin O. Cleveland, USA COMMITTEE 8 Andrew P. Evan, USA Bladder Calculi – Matthew T. Gettman, USA An Evidence-based review Kai Uwe Kohrmann, Germany Michael Wong, Singapore Evangelos Liatsikos,Greece Mohammed Al Omar, Saudi Arabia Brian R. Matlaga, USA Nor Azhari, Singapore James A. McAteer,USA Petrisor Geavelete, Romania Manoj Monga, USA Gerald Haupt, Germany Geert Tailly, Belgium Tricia Kuo, Singapore Anthony Timoney, United Kingdom Zhou Liqun, China Seiji Naito, Japan Gyung Tak Sung, Korea Chong Tsung Wen, Singapore 4 Preface he second International Consultation on Stone T Disease represents a considerable achievement building, as it does, on the pioneering work of the first Consultation. This volume will be regarded as “The Bible”, that is the reference book for clinicians involved in the management of patients with urinary tract stones. The use of the ICUD methodology for Evidence Based Medicine is a very valuable development on the first volume [1]. This methodology gives the series of recommendations greater authority and allows greater confidence when treating patients. The faculty has fulfilled its obligation to the communities of both the developing and developed world and the chapters on epidemiology and bladder stone point the way forward for those communities in which the prevalence of stone disease is at its highest. The International Consultation on Urological Diseases Paul Abrams (ICUD), supported as it is by the world’s major urological Professor of Urology Bristol Urological Institute associations and societies, is trying to develop ways of Southmead Hospital, Bristol raising the standards of urological practice worldwide. U.K In part, this is being achieved through the production of high quality publications such as this, but also by seeking ways to support our colleagues in developing countries, enabling them to make available first class care, delivered by well-trained urologists, to the maximum n umber of patients suffering from urological diseases. The ICUD would like to congratulate John Denstedt and his colleagues for the excellence of this publication. 1. Abrams P, Khoury S, Grant A. Evidence-based medicine overview of the main steps for developing and grading guideline recommendations. Prog Urol 2007 May; 17 (3) : 681-4 5 CONTENTS FOREWORD - John D. Denstedt 3 PREFACE - Paul Abrams 5 COMMITTEE 1 A 9 Epidemiology of Stone Disease Gary Curhan, David Goldfarb, Alberto Trinchieri COMMITTEE 1 B 21 Economics of Stone Disease Gary Curhan, Ganesh Gopalakrishnan, Yair Lotan, Kenneth Pace, David Tolley COMMITTEE 2 31 Evaluation of the Stone Former Dean G. Assimos, Ben Chew, Marguerite Hatch, Richard Hautmann, Ross Holmes, James Williams, J. Stuart Wolf COMMITTEE 3 57 Medical management of urolithiasis Margaret S. Pearle, John R. Asplin, Fredric L. Coe, Allen Rodgers, Elaine M. Worcester COMMITTEE 4 85 Stone Technology: Shock Wave and Intracorporeal Lithotripsy James E. Lingeman, Darren Beiko, Robin O. Cleveland, Andrew P. Evan, Matthew T. Gettman, Kai Uwe Kohrmann, Evangelos Liatsikos, Brian R. Matlaga, James A. McAteer, Manoj Monga, Geert Tailly, Anthony Timoney Corresponding author: James A. McAteer, Ph.D. 6 CONTENTS COMMITTEE 5 137 Treatment of Renal Stone Jean de la Rosette, Pierre Conort, Mahesh Desai, Gustavo Gomez, Jorge Gutierrez-Aceves, Adrian Joyce, Ali Riza Kural, Raymond J. Leveillee, Jens Rassweiler, Andreas Skolarikos, Mario Sofer COMMITTEE 6 239 Management of Ureteral Calculi Hans-Göran Tiselius, Damien Bolton, Michele Gallucci, Thomas Knoll, Stephen Y Nakada, Bradley Newell, Olivier Traxer COMMITTEE 7 A 273 Pediatric Stone Disease Hassan Razvi, Michael Conlin, Enrique Mues, Christian Türk Committee 7 B 285 Stones in Pregnancy Hassan Razvi, Ondina Harryman, Francis Keeley COMMITTEE 8 295 Bladder Calculi – An Evidence-based review Michael Wong, Mohammed Al Omar, Nor Azhari, Petrisor Geavelete, Gerald Haupt, Tricia Kuo, Zhou Liqun, Seiji Naito, Gyung Tak Sung, Chong Tsung Wen SUMMARY IN SLIDES 305 7 8 Committee 1 A Epidemiology of Stone Disease Chairman GARY CURHAN Members DAVID GOLDFARB ALBERTO TRINCHIERI 9 CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION VII. INHERITANCE AND GENETICS II. GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION OF INCIDENCE AND PREVALENCE VIII. AGE AND SEX OF NEPHROLITHIASIS IX. ASSOCIATED DISEASES III. DIET SUMMARY IV. FLUID INTAKE REFERENCES V. CLIMATE AND SEASONAL FACTORS VI. OCCUPATIONAL FACTORS 10 Epidemiology of Stone Disease DAVID GOLDFARB, ALBERTO TRINCHIERI, GARY CURHAN Examination Surveys (NHANES) [3]. Disease I. INTRODUCTION