EDC COURSE MATERIAL FUNDAMENTALS OF ORGANIC FARMING (For UG final year students) Course offered by DEPARTMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES CMS COLLEGE OF SCIENCE & COMMERCE COIMBATORE-641049 Contents Unit No Topics Page no I Organic farming 1 I Land and water management 7 I Nutrient recycling 15 I Crop rotations 19 I Organic farming & Indian economy 21 II Methods of organic farming 27 II Relevance to pollution free environment 30 II Marketing and export 32 II Certification and labelling 34 II Accreditation 36 III Organic manure 38 III Green manure 40 III Compost-methods 41 IV Biofertilizers-types 46 IV Production of biofertilizers 48 IV Applications & Importance 52 V Biological pest control 54 V Neem insecticides 58 V Integrated pest management 60 V Bt Insecticide 62 V Control of weeds 66 UNIT I Organic farming Due to decades of indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers the organic matter content of soils has come down. The use of chemical fertilizers is cause for concern for the safety of food and sustainable production. It is believed that organic farming by reverting to the use of manures, green manures, urban waste, rural wastes, etc. can bring eco-friendliness and sustainability to agriculture. Organic farming is a production of crops that avoids or largely excludes the use of synthetically compound fertilizers, pesticides, growth regulators and livestock feed additives. To the maximum extent feasible, organic farming systems rely upon crop rotation, crop residues, animal manures, legumes, green manures, off-farm organic wastes, mechanical cultivation, mineral bearing rocks and aspects of biological pest control to maintain, soil productivity and to supply plant nutrients and to control insects, weeds and other pests. 1 Organic farming system in India is not new and is being followed from ancient time. It is a method of farming system which primarily aimed at cultivating the land and raising crops in such a way, as to keep the soil alive and in good health by use of organic wastes (crop, animal and farm wastes, aquatic wastes) and other biological materials along with beneficial microbes (biofertilizers) to release nutrients to crops for increased sustainable production in an eco-friendly pollution free environment. As per the definition of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) study team on organic farming “organic farming is a system which avoids or largely excludes the use of synthetic inputs (such as fertilizers, pesticides, hormones, feed additives etc) and to the maximum extent feasible rely upon crop rotations, crop residues, animal manures, off-farm organic waste, mineral grade rock additives and biological system of nutrient mobilization and plant protection”. FAO suggested that “Organic agriculture is a unique production management system which promotes and enhances agro-ecosystem health, including biodiversity, biological cycles and soil biological activity, and this is accomplished by using on-farm agronomic, biological and mechanical methods in exclusion of all synthetic off-farm inputs”. 2 3 Objectives Organic farming aims to: • Increase long-term soil fertility. • Control pests and diseases without harming the environment. • Ensure that water stays clean and safe. 4 • Use resources which the farmer already has, so the farmer needs less money to buy farm inputs. • Produce nutritious food, feed for animals and high quality crops to sell at a good price. Importance of organic farming With the increase in population our compulsion would be not only to stabilize agricultural production but to increase it further in sustainable manner. The scientists have realized that the ‘Green Revolution’ with high input use has reached a plateau and is now sustained with diminishing return of falling dividends. Thus, a natural balance needs to be maintained at all cost for existence of life and property. The obvious choice for that would be more relevant in the present era, when these agrochemicals which are produced from fossil fuel and are not renewable and are diminishing in availability. It may also cost heavily on our foreign exchange in future. Protecting the long term fertility of soils by maintaining organic matter levels, encouraging soil biological activity, and careful mechanical intervention Providing crop nutrients indirectly using relatively insoluble nutrient sources which are made available to the plant by the action of soil micro-organisms Nitrogen self-sufficiency through the use of legumes and biological nitrogen fixation, as well as effective recycling of organic materials including crop residues and livestock manures Weed, disease and pest control relying primarily on crop rotations, natural predators, diversity, organic manuring, resistant varieties and limited (preferably minimal) thermal, biological and chemical intervention The extensive management of livestock, paying full regard to their evolutionary adaptations, behavioural needs and animal welfare issues with respect to nutrition, housing, health, breeding and rearing Careful attention to the impact of the farming system on the wider environment and the conservation of wildlife and natural habitats 5 Organic farming - Relevance to Indian Agriculture The growth of organic agriculture in India has three dimensions and is being adopted by farmers for different reasons. First category of organic farmers are those which are situated in no-input or low-input use zones, for them organic is a way of life and they are doing it as a tradition (may be under compulsion in the absence of resources needed for conventional high input intensive agriculture). Second category of farmers are those which have recently adopted the organic in the wake of ill effects of conventional agriculture, may be in the form of reduced soil fertility, food toxicity or increasing cost and diminishing returns. The third category comprised of farmers and enterprises which have systematically adopted the commercial organic agriculture to capture emerging market opportunities and premium prices. While majority of farmers in first category are traditional (or by default) organic they are not certified, second category farmers comprised of both certified and un- certified but majority of third category farmers are certified. These are the third category commercial farmers which are attracting most attention. The entire data available on organic agriculture today, relates to these commercial organic farmers There are three categories of opinions about the relevance of organic farming for India. The first one simply dismisses it as a fad or craze. The second category, which includes many farmers and scientists, opines that there are merits in the organic farming but we should proceed cautiously considering the national needs and conditions in which Indian agriculture functions. They are fully aware of the environmental problems created by the conventional farming. But many of them believe that yields are lower in organic cultivation during the initial period and also the cost of labour tends to increase therein. The third one is all for organic farming and advocates its adoption wholeheartedly. They think that tomorrow's ecology is more important than today's conventional farm benefits. However, among many a major reservation, the profitability of organic farming vis a vis conventional farming, is the crucial one from the point of view of the Indian farmers, particularly the small and marginal. Organic farming involves management of the agro-eco system as autonomous, based on the capacity of the soil in the given local climatic conditions. In spite of the ridicule poured out on organic farming by many, it has come to stay and is spreading steadily but slowly all over the world. India has been very slow to adopt it but it has made Inroads into our conventional farming system. The relevance and need for an eco-friendly alternative farming system arose from the ill effects of the chemical farming practices adopted worldwide during the second 6 half of the last century. The methods of farming evolved and adopted by our forefathers for centuries were less injurious to the environment. People began to think of various alternative farming systems based on the protection of environment which in turn would increase the welfare of the humankind by various ways like clean and healthy foods, an ecology which is conducive to the survival of all the living and non-living things, low use of the non-renewable energy sources, etc. Many systems of farming came out of the efforts of many experts and laymen. However, organic farming is considered to be the best among all of them because of its scientific approach and wider acceptance all over the world. Land and water management Benefits of improved land and water management practices to farmers and rural economies include increased agricultural productivity (higher yields), increased income and employment opportunities from agriculture, and increased resilience to climate change and associated extreme weather events—such as water scarcity, intense rainfall, or droughts. These benefits occur because these management practices: Increase soil organic matter, Improve soil structure, Reduce soil erosion, Increase water filtration, Increase efficiency of water use, Replenish soil nutrients, Increase efficiency of nutrient uptake. Land Management Nutrient recycling Crop rotation Application of biopesticides & Biofertilizers Effective waste management - Composting Manure management Integrated weed & pest management