Lecture Notes in Geoinformation and Cartography Series Editors: William Cartwright, Georg Gartner,Liqiu Meng, Michael Peterson Emmanuel Stefanakis • Michael P. Peterson • Costas Armenakis • Vasilis Delis (Eds.) Geographic Hypermedia Concepts and Systems With 158 Figures Editors: Dr. Emmanuel Stefanakis Dr. Costas Armenakis Department of Geography, Centre for Topographic Information Harokopio University Natural Resources Canada 70, El. Venizelou Ave., 17671 Athens, 615 Booth Street, Greece Ottawa, Ontario Email: [email protected] Canada K1A 0E9 Email: [email protected] Dr. Michael P. Peterson Dr. Vasilis Delis Department of Geography/Geology Research-Academic Computer University of Nebraska at Omaha Technology Institute Omaha, NE 68182 USA Kolokotroni 3 Email: [email protected] GR 262 21 Patras, Hellas, Greece Email: [email protected] ISBN 10 3-540-34237-0 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York ISBN 13 978-3-540-34237-3 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2006927432 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustra- tions, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and stor- age in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are li- able to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. Springer is a part of Springer Science+Business Media springeronline.com © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2006 The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publica- tion does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are ex- empt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: E. Kirchner, Heidelberg Production: A. Oelschläger Typesetting: Camera-ready by the Editors Printed on acid-free paper 30/2132/AO 54321 In memory of Professor Y.C. Lee (1948-2004) Preface This book introduces a new paradigm, Geographic Hypermedia, which emerges from the convergence of Geographic Information Science and hy- permedia technology. Both GI Science and hypermedia have been rapidly evolving fields. The initial idea of Geographic Hypermedia was born in 2004 when the editors had been invited to organize a workshop in conjunc- tion with the ‘Hypertext’ conference organized annually by the Special In- terest Group of the Association for Computing Machinery. The purpose of the workshop was to examine how hypermedia concepts and tools may be applied in geographical domains. The workshop was eventually held in conjunction with the Maps and the Internet Commission of the International Cartographic Association at the annual meeting of the Association of American Geographers in Denver, Colorado, in April 2005. The Denver workshop was a successful event, bringing together multi- disciplinary researchers and professionals in the area of Geographic Hy- permedia. Researchers from four continents and well recognized institu- tions presented their work and exchanged opinions about the new para- digm, its content and distinct characteristics from other paradigms. Extended versions of the papers presented at the workshop along with some invited chapters from experts in the field led to the compendium of the twenty-five chapters in this book volume. Geographic Hypermedia is not yet a mature paradigm but we aspire to provide the scientific community with a contemporary view of Geographic Hypermedia, present an overview of its progress and current status, while also promoting further discussion and research. Emmanuel Stefanakis Michael P. Peterson Costas Armenakis Vasilis Delis Contents PART I: Foundations of Geographic Hypermedia 1 Geographic Hypermedia - Emmanuel Stefanakis, and Michael P. Peterson.............................................................................................1 1.1 Introduction ......................................................................................1 1.2 Defining Geographic Hypermedia....................................................1 1.2.1 Hypermedia and Related Technologies.....................................2 1.2.2 Geographic Hypermedia............................................................6 1.3. Parallel Paradigms ...........................................................................8 1.4. Geographic Hypermedia Systems: Content and Services................8 1.4.1 Geographic Content: Data and Services....................................9 1.4.2 Geographic Hypermedia System Services...............................12 1.4.3 Developing Standards and Specifications ...............................16 1.5 Discussion.......................................................................................17 1.6 About this Book..............................................................................17 References ............................................................................................19 2 New Media: From Discrete, to Distributed, to Mobile, to Ubiquitous - William Cartwright, Michael Peterson, and Georg Gartner ................................................................................................23 2.1 Introduction ....................................................................................23 2.2 Discrete...........................................................................................24 2.3 Online / Distributed ........................................................................26 2.4 Mobile.............................................................................................29 2.5 Ubiquitous ......................................................................................33 2.6 Conclusion......................................................................................34 References ............................................................................................35 3 Design Issues Associated with Discrete and Distributed Hypermedia GIS - Shunfu Hu...........................................................37 3.1 Introduction ....................................................................................37 3.2 Design of a Discrete Hypermedia GIS ...........................................39 3.2.1 Hypermedia Database..............................................................40 3.2.2 Hypermedia Browser...............................................................42 3.2.3 Integration of a Hypermedia System with a GIS.....................44 3.3 Design of Distributed Hypermedia GIS .........................................44 X Contents 3.3.1 Web-based GIS application.....................................................45 3.3.2 Web-based Hypermedia system ..............................................46 3.3.2 Web-based Hypermedia system ..............................................47 3.4 Conclusions ....................................................................................48 References ............................................................................................49 PART II: Data Resources and Accessibility Issues 4 Using Data from Earth Orbiting Satellites in Geo-Hypermedia Applications: A Survey of Data Resources - Danny Hardin...........53 4.1 Introduction ....................................................................................53 4.2 Discovering Data ............................................................................54 4.2.1 The Global Change Master Directory (GCMD)......................54 4.2.2 Federation Interactive Network for Discovery (FIND) ...........56 4.2.3 The Geospatial One-Stop.........................................................58 4.3 Accessing Data ...............................................................................59 4.3.1 Earth Science Data Terminology and Formats........................60 4.3.2 The EOS Data Gateway...........................................................62 4.3.3 The DAAC Alliance ................................................................63 4.4 Other Data Centers .........................................................................70 4.4.1 Data Centers of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)..........................................................70 4.4.2 The United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) .......70 4.4.3 International Data Centers.......................................................71 References ............................................................................................71 5 Exploring the Use of a Virtual Map Shop as an Interface for Accessing Geographical Information - William E. Cartwright......73 5.1 Introduction ....................................................................................73 5.2 Underlying theory...........................................................................74 5.3 Map Shop concept ..........................................................................75 5.4 Metaphors .......................................................................................77 5.5 Engineered Serendipity...................................................................78 5.6 Concepts Behind the Interface and Exploration Tools ...................79 5.7 VRML Map Shop Prototype Design Ideas.....................................81 5.8 Building the Map Shop