Division 44 Environment and Infrastructure Sector project: “Transport Policy Advice” Sustainable Transport: A Sourcebook for Policy-makers in Developing Cities Module 3a: Mass Transit Options Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH OVERVIEW OF THE SOURCEBOOK Modules and contributors Sustainable Transport: A Sourcebook for Sourcebook Overview, and Cross-cutting Issues of Policy-Makers in Developing Cities Urban Transport (GTZ) What is the Sourcebook? Institutional and policy orientation This Sourcebook on Sustainable Urban Transport 1a. The Role of Transport in Urban Development addresses the key areas of a sustainable transport Policy (Enrique Peñalosa) policy framework for a developing city. The 1b. Urban Transport Institutions (Richard Meakin) Sourcebook consists of 20 modules. 1c. Private Sector Participation in Transport Infra- structure Provision (Christopher Zegras, MIT) Who is it for? 1d. Economic Instruments (Manfred Breithaupt, The Sourcebook is intended for policy-makers GTZ) in developing cities, and their advisors. This 1e. Raising Public Awareness about Sustainable target audience is reflected in the content, which Urban Transport (Karl Fjellstrom, GTZ) provides policy tools appropriate for application in a range of developing cities. Land use planning and demand management 2a. Land Use Planning and Urban Transport How is it supposed to be used? (Rudolf Petersen, Wuppertal Institute) The Sourcebook can be used in a number of 2b. Mobility Management (Todd Litman, VTPI) ways. It should be kept in one location, and the different modules provided to officials involved Transit, walking and cycling in urban transport. The Sourcebook can be easily 3a. Mass Transit Options (Lloyd Wright, ITDP; adapted to fit a formal short course training GTZ) event, or can serve as a guide for developing a 3b. Bus Rapid Transit (Lloyd Wright, ITDP) curriculum or other training program in the area 3c. Bus Regulation & Planning (Richard Meakin) of urban transport; avenues GTZ is pursuing. 3d. Preserving and Expanding the Role of Non- motorised Transport (Walter Hook, ITDP) What are some of the key features? The key features of the Sourcebook include: Vehicles and fuels < A practical orientation, focusing on best 4a. Cleaner Fuels and Vehicle Technologies practices in planning and regulation and, (Michael Walsh; Reinhard Kolke, where possible, successful experience in Umweltbundesamt – UBA) developing cities. 4b. Inspection & Maintenance and < Contributors are leading experts in their fields. Roadworthiness (Reinhard Kolke, UBA) < An attractive and easy-to-read, colour layout. 4c. Two- and Three-Wheelers (Jitendra Shah, < Non-technical language (to the extent World Bank; N.V. Iyer, Bajaj Auto) possible), with technical terms explained. 4d. Natural Gas Vehicles (MVV InnoTec) < Updates via the Internet. Environmental and health impacts How do I get a copy? 5a. Air Quality Management (Dietrich Schwela, Please visit www.sutp-asia.org or www.gtz.de/ World Health Organisation) transport for details on how to order a copy. The 5b. Urban Road Safety (Jacqueline Lacroix, DVR; Sourcebook is not sold for profit. Any charges David Silcock, GRSP) imposed are only to cover the cost of printing 5c. Noise and its Abatement (Civic Exchange and distribution. Hong Kong; GTZ; UBA) Comments or feedback? Resources We would welcome any of your comments or 6. Resources for Policy-makers (GTZ) suggestions, on any aspect of the Sourcebook, by Further modules and resources email to [email protected], or by surface mail to: Further modules are anticipated in the areas Manfred Breithaupt of Driver Training; Financing Urban Transport; GTZ, Division 44 Benchmarking; and Participatory Planning. Postfach 5180 Additional resources are being developed, and 65726 Eschborn an Urban Transport Photo CD (GTZ 2002) is Germany now available. aa2 This is for demonstration purposes only. A full colour print version available from GTZ from March 2003 This is for demonstration purposes only. A full colour print version available from GTZ from March 2003 i Module 3a: About the contributors Mass Transit Options The Institute for Transportation and Development Policy (ITDP) was established in 1985 to promote By Lloyd Wright transport options that are environmentally, (Institute for Transportation and Development economically and socially sustainable. ITDP is Policy) an international non-governmental organization and Karl Fjellstrom that particularly focuses upon the promotion of (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische public transport, non-motorised transport, travel Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH) demand management, and improved land-use planning. ITDP works exclusively in developing (With additional contributions from Armin Wagner countries and economies in transition, where the and helpful review comments on the Bangkok consequences of inadequate basic mobility are Skytrain system by Phil Sayeg of Policy Appraisal the most keenly felt, and where the adverse social Services Pty Ltd.) and environmental effects of rapid motorisation are causing the greatest economic and environmental Editor: Karl Fjellstrom problems. To fulfil its mission, ITDP has three core Manager: Manfred Breithaupt activities: (i) Catalysing demonstration projects with GTZ Transport and Mobility Group, 2003 progressive municipalities; (ii) Communicating successful options and Findings, interpretations and conclusions technical information; and expressed in this document are based on (iii) Encouraging better policy making at the local, information gathered by GTZ and its consultants, national, and multi-lateral levels. partners, and contributors from reliable sources. GTZ does not, however, guarantee the accuracy or completeness of information in this document, and cannot be held responsible for any errors, omissions or losses which emerge from its use. Cover photo: Bangkok’s Victory Monument, Dec. 2001. Photo by Karl Fjellstrom aa2 This is for demonstration purposes only. A full colour print version available from GTZ from March 2003 This is for demonstration purposes only. A full colour print version available from GTZ from March 2003 i Module 3a: Mass Transit Options 1. Introduction 1 4. Comparison on key parameters 16 1.1 Outline of the module 1 4.1 Cost 16 2. Mass Rapid Transit concepts 2 Capital costs for rail-based MRT 17 2.1 terminology 2 Capital costs for Bus Rapid Transit 18 2.2 Defining features of MRT 3 Operating costs 18 Use of space 3 Rolling stock 19 Speed and passenger capacity 3 Public finances 20 Integration 4 4.2 Planning & construction time 20 Level of service 4 Project development and planning 20 2.3 The strategic importance Construction 20 of MRT systems 4 4.3 Passenger capacity 22 3. Current applications in 4.4 Flexibility 23 developing cities 5 4.5 Speed 24 3.1 Bus Rapid Transit 5 4.6 Institutional capacity for Latin American experience 6 successful implementation 24 Asian experience 8 The scope of the challenge 25 North American experience 9 Role of the private sector 25 European experience 9 Supportive policy setting 26 Australian and New Zealand programs 10 4.7 Long term influence on 3.2 Light Rail Transit 11 city development 26 Current applications 11 MRT and city form 26 LRT and Metro lines in Shanghai 11 MRT and development 26 3.3 Metros 12 4.8 Poverty alleviation 27 The Bangkok Skytrain (BTS) 13 4.9 Environmental impact 28 3.4 Commuter rail 15 5. Conclusion 29 Current applications 15 Resource materials 30 Positive experience with concessioning of commuter rail services 16 ii This is for demonstration purposes only. A full colour print version available from GTZ from March 2003 This is for demonstration purposes only. A full colour print version available from GTZ from March 2003 1 Module 3a: Mass Transit Options 1. Introduction leading consideration is cost (including cost of construction, rolling stock, and operation); Choices on public transit options are choices others include planning & construction time, about a city’s future. Will there be congestion? flexibility in implementation, passenger capac- Will there be high levels of air and noise pollu- ity, speed, and institutional issues. Longer term tion? Will transport be affordable? Will services effects on poverty, city form, and the environ- be available to all? The type of public transit ment are also assessed. In terms of maintaining system will have a big impact on the answers to a transit-friendly city form and ensuring the these questions (Figure 1). urban poor have access to employment, contacts and services, a crucial factor when comparing This module aims to provide policy-makers systems is the potential for a Mass Rapid Transit in developing cities – and those advising them system to secure long term advances – or at least – with guidance on choosing appropriate Mass stabilisation – in the share of people travelling Rapid Transit (MRT) systems. The module begins by public rather than private transport. by briefly describing some basic concepts and defining features of MRT in developing cities. Current applications of each of the main MRT “Choices on transit options are options are then described, focusing on applica- choices about a city’s future” tions in developing cities. Since Metros and Light Rail Transit are still relatively uncommon The module ends with a discussion of what the in low income developing cities, most of this comparison of the different options reveals. It discussion focuses on the recent development of is seen that although there is no single MRT Bus Rapid Transit systems throughout