Victor-Yves Ghebali, Alexandre Lambert (Eds.) Democratic Governance of the Security Sector beyond the OSCE Area: Regional Approaches in Africa and the Americas Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) LIT Victor-Yves Ghebali, Alexandre Lambert (Eds.) Democratic Governance of the Security Sector beyond the OSCE Area: Regional Approaches in Africa and the Americas LIT (Bibliographic information here) Contents List of Tables Preface Acronyms I. Introduction 1 Security Sector Governance in the OSCE Region 1 and Beyond Victor-Yves Ghebali II. Security Sector Governance in Africa 2 Pan-African Approaches to Civilian Control 21 and Democratic Governance ‘Funmi Olonisakin 3 The Relevance of the 2000 Solemn Declaration on 39 the Conference on Security, Stability, Development and Cooperation in Africa Ayodele Aderinwale 4 Towards a Code of Conduct for Armed 82 and Security Forces in Africa: Opportunities and Challenges Adedeji Ebo III. Security Sector Governance in the Americas 5 The 2001 Quebec City Plan of Action: 107 Toward a Convergence of Security and Democracy Agendas in the Americas Céline Füri 6 Sub-Regional Security Cooperation in Latin America: 131 The 1995 Central American Framework Treaty on Democratic Security Rut Diamint 7 The 1996 Guatemala Agreement on the Strengthening 155 of Civilian Power and the Role of the Armed Forces in a Democratic Society Bernardo Arévalo de Leon IV. Conclusions 8 Democratic Security Sector Governance: 193 A Global Perspective Alexandre Lambert Annexes 215 List of Contributors 311 List of Tables Table 3.1 Selected key performance indicators of the 74 Conference for Security, Stability, Development and Cooperation in Africa (CSSDCA) Table 4.1 Key principles of democratic governance of the 85 security sector Table 4.2 Regional normative instruments related to the 87 democratic control of armed and security forces in Africa Table 4.3 Structure of the Draft Code of Conduct for Armed 90 and Security Forces in Africa Table 4.4 Comparison of the Draft African Code with the 95 OSCE Code of Conduct Table 7.1 Major provisions of the AFPC related to DDR 158 (Demobilisation, Disarmament and Reintegration) and security sector reform Table 7.2 Status of Implementation of Main DDR 174 (Demobilisation, Disarmament and Reintegration) and Security Sector Reform Provisions of the AFPC Preface The present book which results from a research project commissioned by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) addresses the prospects for security sector reform and governance regimes, in particular the democratic civilian control of armed forces, beyond the region of the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). Its objective is to assess to what extent norms, principles and procedures inspired from the relevant OSCE experience have been (or are being) set forth outside the Euro-Atlantic and Eurasian areas. The volume does not, however, examine the question whether the overall OSCE model may be “exported” to other world regions, but rather explores how other world regions approach the same issues and to what extent these approaches “beyond the OSCE area” are in line with, overlap, or contradict the OSCE approach. In Sub-Saharan Africa and the Americas, leaders have clearly endorsed the concepts of human security/democratic security and started to address security sector governance issues at regional (continental) and sub- regional levels. Compared to this, the Asia-Pacific and Middle East regions still lag behind in addressing democratic security sector governance through multilateral channels, as their mutual relations are firmly based on the principle of non-interference in the internal (security) affairs of other states. Accordingly, the regional contexts in Africa and the Americas have been retained as two case study clusters. Six experts were requested to address a number of basic questions: − What are the traditional roles played by military, paramilitary and security forces in Africa and the Americas? − What significant change did the end of bipolarity introduce there? − Do Latin American and African security services still play a significant political role? − Are there States having adopted or are about to adopt norms for the regulation of domestic democratic civil-military relations? − Did the States establish, at regional or sub-regional levels, some human security/democratic security commitments, arrangements and mechanisms? − Has the trend towards security sector reform been initiated by domestic impulses or under pressure from external international actors? − What are the existing obstacles for the development of multilateral and/or sub-regional regimes? − To what extent do counter-terrorism activities entrusted to military and security forces slow down or even hamper the implementation of effective and democratic security sector reforms? The book is structured in four parts. In Part I, Victor-Yves Ghebali provides an introductory presentation of the overall security model of the OSCE. Concerning Sub-Saharan Africa, Part II offers three contributions respectively analysing the Pan-African approaches to civilian control and democratic governance (‘Funmi Olonisakin), the relevance of the 2000 Solemn Declaration on the Conference on Security, Stability, Development, and Cooperation in Africa (Ajodele Aderinwale) and, against the background of the 1994 OSCE Code of Conduct on Politico-Military Aspects of Security, the genesis, substance, present status and potential of the 2002 Draft Code of Conduct for Armed and Security Forces in Africa (Adedeji Ebo). Devoted to the tenets and challenges of security sector reform in the Americas at continental, sub-regional and domestic level, Part III includes three contributions analysing the normative contents and implementation of the 2001 Quebec City Plan of Action (Céline Füri), the 1995 Central American Framework Treaty on Democratic Security (Rut Diamint) as well as a particular element of the Guatemalan Peace Accords: the 1996 Agreement on the Strengthening of Civilian Power and the Role of the Armed Forces in a Democratic Society (Bernardo Arévalo de Leon). Finally, in part IV, Alexandre Lambert takes a global perspective on security sector governance by drawing a comparative assessment of the regional approaches in the OSCE area, Africa and the Americas. The Editors Geneva, June 2007 Acronyms ACS Association of Caribbean States ANC African National Congress APRM African Peer Review Mechanism ARF ASEAN Regional Forum ASEAN Association of South-East Asian Nations ASSN African Security Sector Network CBMs Confidence-Building Measures CFAC1 Central American Armed Forces Conference CONDECA Central American Defence Council CSBMs Confidence- and Security-Building Measures CSCE Conference for Security and Cooperation in Europe CSCM Conference of Security and Cooperation in the Mediterranean CSSDCA Conference on Security, Stability, Development and Cooperation in Africa DCAF Democratic Control of Armed Forces DDR Demobilisation, Disarmament and Reintegration ECOMOG ECOWAS Cease-Fire Monitoring Group ECOSOCC African Union’s Economic, Social and Cultural Council ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States EU European Union FLACSO2 Latin American School for Social Sciences HCNM High Commissioner on National Minorities (OSCE) IADB Inter-American Defence Board LTMs Long Term Missions (OSCE) MINUGUA United Nations Verification Mission in Guatemala NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organisation NDI National Democratic Institute (USA) NEPAD New Partnership for African Development OAS Organisation of American States OAU Organisation of African Unity ODECA Organisation of Central American States ODIHR Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (OSCE) OECD Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development OSCE Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe PARLACEN3 Central American Parliament PfP Partnership for Peace (NATO) SADC Southern African Development Community SALW Small Arms and Light Weapons SICA System of Central American Integration SSG Security Sector Governance SSR Security Sector Reform TMSDCA4 Central American Democratic Security Framework Treaty UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNECA United Nations Economic Commission for Africa UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation UNREC United Nations Regional Centre for Peace and Disarmament in Africa WACSOF West African Civil Society Forum 1 Spanish Acronym for Conferencia de las Fuerzas Armadas Centroaméricanas. 2 Spanish Acronym for Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales. 3 Spanish Acronym for Parlamento Centroamericano. 4 Spanish Acronym for Tratado Marco de Seguridad Democrática en Centroamérica. PART I INTRODUCTION Chapter 1 Security Sector Governance in the OSCE Region and Beyond Victor-Yves Ghebali Introduction In the dawning 21st century, European security problems are subject to two kinds of approaches – geographical and geopolitical. The Council of Europe (which includes all the States of the Continent, except Belarus, i.e. 46 units) and the European Union (whose membership is now constituted by 25 members) represent the major institutional settings at geographical level. In addition, NATO and the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) proceed from a geopolitical approach. While the former reflects the transatlantic link (Europe's political bonding with North America), the latter offers a unique forum combining a Euro-Atlantic with a Eurasian dimension: OSCE's “Europe”