SEPTEMBER 11 The Philanthropic Response 36261_i_84_105_118.r3 12/27/04 5:38 PM Page i SEPTEMBER 11 The Philanthropic Response 36261_i_84_105_118.r3 12/27/04 5:38 PM Page ii 36261_i_84_105_118.r3 12/27/04 5:38 PM Page iii SEPTEMBER 11 The Philanthropic Response Contributors RICK SCHOFF,EDITOR CHRISTINE INNAMORATO SARAH COLLINS CHERYL LOE ELIZABETH CUCCARO REBECCA MACLEAN MIREK DROZDZOWSKI LESLIE MARINO KATHYE GIESLER MITCH NAUFFTS CHRIS HURT LOREN RENZ THE FOUNDATION CENTER 36261_i_84_105_118.r3 12/27/04 5:38 PM Page iv The Foundation Center Mission The Foundation Center’s mission is to strengthen the nonprofit sector by advancing knowledge about U.S. philanthropy. To achieve our mission, we: • Collect, organize, and communicate information on U.S. philanthropy; • Conduct and facilitate research on trends in the field; • Provide education and training on the grantseeking process; • Ensure public access to information and services through our Web site, print and electronic publications, five library/learning centers, and a national network of Cooperating Collections. Founded in 1956, the Center is the nation’s leading authority on philanthropy and is dedicated to serving grantseekers, grantmakers, researchers, policymakers, the media, and the general public. The Foundation Center has documented private philanthropy’s response to the September 11 terrorist attacks. Using our experience in collecting and analyzing giving data, we constructed a comprehensive picture of giving by foundations and corporations in the aftermath of 9/11, as well as tracked contributions by intermedi- aries and direct-service providers. We presented news and in-depth interviews concerning the philanthropic response to 9/11 in the Foundation Center’s online journal, Philanthropy News Digest.All of these have been reproduced in September 11: Perspectives from the Field of Philanthropy, vols. I and II. To learn more, please visit our Web site at www.fdncenter.org. We are grateful to the following for their support of our Philanthropy’s Response to 9/11 Project: the California Endowment, Carnegie Corporation of New York, Annie E. Casey Foundation, ChevronTexaco, Citigroup Foundation, Ford Foundation, John S. and James L. Knight Foundation, Lumina Foundation for Education, Morgan Stanley, Charles Stewart Mott Foundation, New York Community Trust, and Rockefeller Brothers Fund. The ideas expressed in September 11 are those of the authors alone and do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the funding organizations. Design by Apicella Design. Copyright © 2004 by The Foundation Center. All rights reserved. Library of Congress Control Number: 2004116950 ISBN: 1-59542-045-2 36261_i_84_105_118.r3 12/27/04 5:38 PM Page v Contents PREFACE . .vii INTRODUCTION:THE REAL LESSONS OF SEPTEMBER 11 FOR AMERICAN CHARITIES . .1 Lester Salamon THE PHILANTHROPIC RESPONSE TO SEPTEMBER 11: LESSONS FROM RELIEF AND RECOVERY IN NEW YORK CITY . .11 Tom Seessel PERSPECTIVES FROM THE FIELD OF PHILANTHROPY . .69 A list of the 33 interviews that were published in September 11: Perspectives from the Field of Philanthropy, vols. I and II SEPTEMBER 11: A TIMELINE . .71 GIVING IN THE AFTERMATH OF SEPTEMBER 11: FINAL UPDATE ON THE FOUNDATION AND CORPORATE RESPONSE . .85 PHILANTHROPY AND SEPTEMBER 11: A BIBLIOGRAPHY . .105 SEPTEMBER 11: GUIDE TO RELIEF AND RECOVERY GRANTS BY FOUNDATIONS AND CORPORATIONS . .119 LIST OF FUNDERS BY TOTAL CONTRIBUTIONS . .121 LIST OF GRANTS BY FUNDER . .135 INDEX OF GRANT RECIPIENTS . .231 INDEX OF SUBJECTS . .243 36261_i_84_105_118.r3 12/27/04 5:38 PM Page vi 36261_i_84_105_118.r3 12/27/04 5:38 PM Page vii Preface The Foundation Center’s multi-year project Philanthropy’s Response to 9/11: Creating the Record and Telling the Story brings into focus the role private philanthropy played in relief, recovery, and rebuilding in the aftermath of September 11, 2001.While we as a people and as individuals continue to live with the consequences of September 11, publication of this compendium volume brings the Foundation Center’s specific effort to a close. It has been a long, often painful passage from September 11, 2001, to this point more than three years later.The tragedies for many and the stresses on everyone have been detailed elsewhere, but impressions created by media ephemera cannot serve as a comprehensive record. For that, the facts about private philanthropy’s relief effort needed to be compiled and recorded. It has been amply documented, by the Foundation Center and others, that private philanthropy played a critical role in filling a variety of needs created by the events of September 11, 2001. In the immediate aftermath of the attacks, private funds were quickly made available by foundations, corporations, and vii 36261_i_84_105_118.r3 12/27/04 5:38 PM Page viii SEPTEMBER 11: THE PHILANTHROPIC RESPONSE individuals and distributed to a wide range of community organizations that understood how to best reach and serve various affected populations.This was accomplished even as it was becoming clear that the experience and planning of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) provided little direction for the near-term response to the unprecedented circumstances. In addition, private philanthropy’s ability to take a longer view of social problems helped identify the full range of needs to be met. In spite of this, and the effort made by many charities to safeguard sufficient funds for ongoing needs, the pressure to distribute funds rapidly, particularly to victims’ families, was intense. Having been stung by the criticism that relief funds had not been distributed quickly enough, these same charities would regard the September 9, 2004, New York Times story entitled “With Funds Winding Down, Questions Remain About Longer-Term Needs” with considerable irony. The commentary by Lester Salamon that introduces this volume presents perhaps the longest view. Salamon suggests that alleviating the social conditions that give rise to murderous terrorism is one of the proper — and historical — roles of philanthropies such as the Ford and Rockefeller foundations. He goes on to describe the growth of interna- tional civil society that is being advanced by the development of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) around the world, and warns that post-9/11 security concerns and policies may have a dampening effect on these activities. We also present in this volume an edited compilation of Tom Seessel’s reports prepared for the Ford Foundation. Seessel presents a thorough account of 9/11 relief and recovery activities — not only the important work of private philanthropy, but also the complex array of government programs through which federal aid was and continues to be distributed. A key point about FEMA’s difficulty with individual-assistance programs is made as Seessel quotes one agency official: “FEMA’s big role is to help governments, not people, recover.” We have also included a timeline of the events of September 11 and their aftermath outlining the responses of philanthropy, government, and the media to the unfolding drama. This provides context for the other commentaries and reports in this volume and conveys the rush of events and the emotional environment within which 9/11 recovery took place, a major factor determining its course. To create the record of the 9/11 philanthropic response from September 2001 onward, the Foundation Center tracked the flow of contributions made by institutional funders and the distribution of gifts from all private sources by relief funds. Through a series of research reports we analyzed 9/11 giving patterns and placed 9/11 funding in the context of U.S. philanthropy. We issued a comprehensive report on the activities of the relief funds, 9/11 Relief and Regranting Funds: A Summary on Funds Raised and Assistance Provided, in 2003. Giving in the Aftermath of September 11: Final Update on the Foundation and Corporate Response, included here, is the final research report on 9/11 giving by institutional donors, based on data compiled through September 2004. viii 36261_i_84_105_118.r3 12/27/04 5:38 PM Page ix PREFACE The Foundation Center told the story of 9/11 by publishing interviews, articles, and commentary by leaders in the field of philanthropy. These originally appeared in our online journal, Philanthropy News Digest (PND). That work resulted in the publication of two volumes of September 11: Perspectives from the Field of Philanthropy, one issued in September 2002 and the second in September 2003. We include here a complete list of these enlightening interviews with people involved in 9/11 relief and recovery. Those two publications were designed to accompany this volume. To assist those seeking additional resources about 9/11 relief and recovery, we have included a bibliography of 9/11 resources available in Foundation Center library collections, as well as a comprehensive directory of relief and recovery grants made by foundations and corporations through September 2004. We are grateful to the following foundations for making this project possible: California Endowment, Carnegie Corporation of New York, Annie E. Casey Foundation, ChevronTexaco, Citigroup Foundation, Ford Foundation, John S. & James L. Knight Foundation, Lumina Foundation for Education, Morgan Stanley, Charles Stewart Mott Foundation, New York Community Trust, and Rockefeller Brothers Fund. The ideas expressed in this work are the authors’ and do not necessarily reflect those of the funding organizations. ix 36261_i_84_105_118.r3 12/27/04 5:38 PM Page x 36261_i_84_105_118.r3 12/27/04 5:38 PM Page 1 Introduction The Real Lessons of September 11 for American Charities Much has been made of the response of American charity to the events of September 11, and for good reason.The misguided terrorists who crashed civilian airliners into unarmed buildings on that fine September morning did not, it turns out, assault a nation lacking the capacity to respond. But that capacity extended well beyond the conventional instrumentalities of federal, state, and local government that have attracted so much attention in the press. In small towns and large cities, from Bangor to Burbank and Sarasota to Seattle, Americans rushed forward to help.