Chapter Sixteen: The Civil War C ontent s 16.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 703 16.1.1 Learning Outcomes ..................................................................................... 703 16.2THEROAD TO WAR ......................................................................................... 705 16.2.1From Secession to War ................................................................................. 705 The Confederacy Takes Shape ..............................................................................705 Lincoln Takes Over .............................................................................................707 16.2.2 Choosing Sides: The Dilemma of the Slave States .......................................... 711 16.2.3 Before You Move On... ................................................................................ 714 Key Concepts ................................................................................................... 714 Test Yourself .................................................................................................... 715 16.3THE MILITARY CONFLICT .............................................................................. 715 16.3.1 First Manassas or First Battle of Bull Run ....................................................... 716 16.3.2Shiloh...................................................................................................... 718 16.3.3Seven Days ............................................................................................... 719 16.3.4Antietam.................................................................................................. 722 16.3.5Vicksburg................................................................................................. 723 16.3.6 Gettysburg ................................................................................................ 725 16.3.7Chattanooga ............................................................................................. 727 16.3.8 Atlanta Campaign ...................................................................................... 729 16.3.9 Sherman’s March to the Sea ........................................................................ 731 16.3.10 The End of the War ...................................................................................... 733 16.3.11 Before You Move On... ............................................................................... 735 Key Concepts ................................................................................................... 735 Test Yourself .................................................................................................... 735 16.4 WARTIME POLITICS ......................................................................................736 16.4.1 Politics in the Union States .......................................................................... 736 Civil Liberties Curtailed ...................................................................................... 737 Opposition from the Peace Democrats ................................................................. 738 The Election of 1864 ......................................................................................... 739 16.4.2 Politics in the Confederate States ................................................................. 741 16.4.3 The Problems of Financing the War ............................................................... 742 Southern Experiments in Financing ..................................................................... 742 Northern Experiments in Financing ...................................................................... 744 16.4.4 Before You Move On... ................................................................................ 747 Key Concepts ................................................................................................... 747 Test Yourself .................................................................................................... 747 16.5 SOCIAL DEVELOPMENTS ............................................................................... 748 16.5.1 Wartime Economic Problems .......................................................................... 7 49 16.5.2 Conscription during the Civil War .................................................................. 750 16.5.3 Protests and Rioting in New York .................................................................. 751 16.5.4 Bread Riots in the Confederacy .................................................................... 752 Early Bread Riots .............................................................................................. 752 The Richmond Bread Riot ...................................................................................753 More Bread Riots .............................................................................................. 754 16.5.5 The Emancipation Proclamation ................................................................... 755 16.5.6 Black Americans and the War ...................................................................... 758 Blacks in the Military ......................................................................................... 758 Violence against Blacks in the North and South ...................................................... 760 16.5.7 Before You Move On... .............................................................................. 761 Key Concepts .................................................................................................. 761 Test Yourself .................................................................................................... 761 Page | 701Page | 701 CHAPTER SIXTEEN: THE CIVIL WAR 16.6 CONCLUSION ........................................................................... 763 16.7 CRITICAL THINKING EXERCISES .............................................. 765 16.8KEY TERMS ............................................................................... 766 16.9 CHRONOLOGY .......................................................................... 767 16.10 BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................................769 16.11 END NOTES .............................................................................772 ANSWER KEY FOR CHAPTER SIXTEEN: THE CIVIL WAR ................. 778 Page | 702Page | 702 CHAPTER SIXTEEN: THE CIVIL WAR Chapter Sixteen: The Civil War 16.1 INTRODUCTION During the 1850s, tensions mounted between the North and the South over the issue of slavery and its relationship to political, social, and economic power. When Republican Abraham Lincoln won the presidential election of 1860, southerners firmly believed his victory would bring an end to the life they knew and loved. And so, seven states in the Lower South seceded from the Union before Lincoln’s inauguration. Secession of these slave states ultimately led to a civil war between the South and the North that lasted from April 1861 to April 1865. Once the fighting began, several more states seceded from the United States of America to cast their lot with the newly formed Confederate States of America. Initially it seemed as though the South might win its bid for independence. But in time, the North’s political and economic advantages helped it to secure victory. Soldiers, according to historian James McPherson, fought for cause and comrades. They battled one another to preserve American values: to preserve liberty and freedom in a democratic nation. They also fought because they felt a sense of loyalty to their fellow soldiers.1 However, the Civil War was not just about military victories and losses. The war divided family and friends in large numbers, and it caused numerous tensions on the home front. In the North, the fate of slavery continued to divide the people. In the South, funding the war exacerbated preexisting tensions between planters and yeomen. Ultimately, the North triumphed over the South and restored the Union. Nevertheless, no matter how you look at the war, the conflict brought profound social, political, and economic changes to the American people. 16.1.1 Learning Outcomes After completing this chapter, you should be able to: • Explain why the South and North eventually determined war was the only way to respond to their differences. • Explain the difference between an army fighting another army and an army taking on civilians, such as in Sherman’s March. • Assess political and economic developments in the South and North during the Civil War. Page | 703Page | 703 CHAPTER SIXTEEN: THE CIVIL WAR • Explain the complex motives that went into the creation of the Emancipation Proclamation and analyze why the Proclamation applied only to those states still in rebellion against the Union, rather than freeing all slaves in both the North and South. • Explain why conscription was necessary in both the North and the South. • Describe the impact of the war on the Union and Confederate home front. • Explain the issues that created political, social, and economic tension beginning in 1864 and 1865. • Explain the use of African Americans in the Union and Confederate Armies. Page | 704Page | 704 CHAPTER SIXTEEN: THE CIVIL WAR 16.2 THE ROAD TO WAR Although seven states left the Union in the wake of Abraham Lincoln’s victory in the presidential election of 1860, secession did not necessarily mean war between the South and the