University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh AN EXAMINATION OF THE RAMIFICATIONS OF THE ANGLOPHONE CRISIS TO CAMEROON’S PEACE AND DEVELOPMENT (2016-2019) BY CHRISTIAN NENE KWAO AYISA (10704151) THIS DISSERTATION IS SUBMITTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF GHANA, LEGON, IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE MASTER OF ARTS DEGREE IN INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS LEGON DECEMBER 2019 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh DECLARATION I, CHRISTIAN NENE KWAO AYISA, do hereby declare that this dissertation is an outcome of a research conducted by me, under the supervision of Dr. Afua Boatemaa Yakohene and no part of it has been submitted anywhere for any other purpose. All sources of information collected and materials used have been duly acknowledged and referenced in the bibliography. …………………………………… ……………………………………. CHRISTIAN N. K. AYISA DR. AFUA BOATEMAA YAKOHENE (STUDENT) (SUPERVISOR) DATE……………………. DATE………………………. i University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh DEDICATION I dedicate this work to God Almighty for granting me the grace and strength to complete this course in spite of the countless hurdles. I also dedicate this work to my parents, Mr. G. N. Ayisa of blessed memory for encouragement and counsel that continues to linger in my mind and guide me in all endeavors, and my mother, Ms. Juliana Decardi-Nelson, whose immense prayers and resources have brought me this far. Finally, I dedicate this piece to the good people of Cameroon, especially those who have lost their lives, family, friends, loved ones, those who have had to flee their homes as refugees and IDPs and to the peace-loving citizens who are not giving up, but bent on ensuring the restoration of a peaceful Cameroon for all and sundry. God bless you all!!! ii University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My foremost gratitude goes to my Father in Heaven for bringing me to this established end, just like He promised. My profound gratitude goes to Dr. Afua Boatemaa Yakohene, my supervisor, for her immense support and guidance every step of this journey, as well as her patience and counsel on both academic and social issues. I acknowledge the members of my study group, “LECIAD-Annex”, for their support, inspiration, and motivation. I also like to acknowledge Dr. Vladimir Antwi- Danso, of the Ghana Armed Forces Staff College (GAFSC), Dr. Festus Aubyn and Dr. Kwesi Aning of the Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre (KAIPTC) and other scholars for their patience, time, interest, enthusiasm, and unrelenting willingness to avail themselves in spite of their busy schedules to grant me interviews and make inputs towards the successful completion of this research. I would also like to thank Mr. Shine Alege and the entire Nigerian High Commission in Ghana for their timely response and resourcefulness. Finally, I acknowledge the administrative staff (Mrs. Mary Ametepe, Ms. Akosua Otchere and Ms. Ruby Tetteh) and all my lecturers at the Legon Centre for International Affairs and diplomacy (LECIAD). iii University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS AAC - All Anglophone Conference AGC - Ambazonia Governing Council AGOA - African Growth and Opportunity Act AIG - Ambazonia Interim Government AU - African Union BIR - Rapid Intervention Battalion C4D - Communication for Development CACSC - Cameroon Anglophone Civil Society Consortium CDC - Cameroon Development Corporation CFA - Central African Franc CNU - Cameroon National Union CPA - Comprehensive Peace Agreement CPDM - Cameroon People‟s Democratic Movement CUC - Cameroon United Congress ECCAS - Economic Community of Central African States ELECAM - Elections Cameroon EU - European Union FDFA - Federal Departmenr of Foreign Affairs FWM - Free West-Cameroon Movement GAFSC - Ghana Armed Forces Staff College IDPs - Internally Displaced Persons IEDs - Improvised Explosive Devices KNDP - Kamerun National Democratic Party iv University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh LECIAD - Legon Centre for International Affairs and Diplomacy NCHRF - National Commission on Human Rights and Freedoms NGO - Non-Governmental Organization OGTR - Operation Ghost Town Resistance OHADA - Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa PLF - People‟s Liberation Front RoA - Republic of Ambazonia SCAUF - Southern Cameroons Ambazonia Consortium United Front SCBC - Southern Cameroon Broadcasting Corporation SCNC - Southern Cameroon‟s National Council SCRM - Southern Cameroon‟s Restoration Movement SCSAF - Southern Cameroons South Africa Forum SDF - Social Democratic Front UBSU - University of Buea Student Union UK - United Kingdom UN - United Nations UNESCO - United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization UNHCR - United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNICEF - United Nations International Children‟s Emergency Fund USA - United States of America v University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh Contents DECLARATION ........................................................................................................................ i DEDICATION ........................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................................... iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ................................................................. iv List of Tables ............................................................................................................................ ix CHAPTER ONE ...................................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 1 1.0 Background to the Research Problem .......................................................................... 1 1.1. Statement of the Research Problem ............................................................................. 4 1.2. Research Questions...................................................................................................... 5 1.3. Research Objectives .................................................................................................... 6 1.4. Scope ........................................................................................................................... 6 1.5. Rationale ...................................................................................................................... 6 1.6. Theoretical Framework ................................................................................................ 7 1.6.1. Human Needs Theory ............................................................................................... 7 1.6.2. Criticism of the Human Needs Theory ..................................................................... 9 1.6.3. The Relative Deprivation Theory ........................................................................... 10 1.6.4. Relevance of the Relative Deprivation Theory cum Human Needs Theory .......... 12 1.7. Literature Review ...................................................................................................... 12 1.7.1. Secession ................................................................................................................ 12 1.7.2. Forms of Secession ................................................................................................. 15 1.7.2a. The Economic Theory of Secession ..................................................................... 15 1.7.2b. The Cultural Theory of Secession ........................................................................ 15 1.7.2c. The Political Theory of Secession ........................................................................ 16 1.7.3. Some Secessions and their Causes ......................................................................... 16 1.7.4. Effects of Secession ................................................................................................ 20 1.8. Methodology .............................................................................................................. 22 1.8.1. Research Design ..................................................................................................... 22 1.8.2. Sources of Data .................................................................................................. 23 1.8.2. Target Population ................................................................................................... 24 1.8.3. Sample Size and Sample Method ........................................................................... 24 1.8.4. Data Collection ....................................................................................................... 25 vi University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 1.8.5. Data Analysis .......................................................................................................... 26 1.8.6. Ethical Considerations ............................................................................................ 26 1.9. Arrangement of Chapters ........................................................................................... 27 CHAPTER TWO................................................................................................................ 34 AN OVERVIEW OF THE POLITICAL HISTORY OF CAMEROON SINCE 1472 TO 2016...............................................................................................................................