Care la Transit "The MMeai md Clinical Basejrges»c« of Trans Health: C&n$$6ph L, HatssgmarM DISSERTATION Sohffl&ted its partial satisfaction of the retpdsmtMfs for the degree of DOCTOR OF FHULOSOFHV' m W in the GRADUATE DIVISION of the 'UMVBRsSmf OF CALIFORNIA, SAM FRANCISCO Copyright 2017 by Christoph Hanssmann ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Nobody writes alone. This was the unofficial motto of the writing group that played a central part in this dissertation seeing the light of day. And it remains true in a much broader sense—the reflections that follow owe to the actions, thought, and support of many people, near and far. And just as nobody writes alone, nobody thinks alone. Here I thank some of the primary supporters, mentors, collaborators, friends, and respondents who made it possible to see this project through. First and foremost, I thank the feminist scholars and activists who trained me, mentored me, and demonstrated to me that scholarship imagines new worlds into being. I owe a particular intellectual debt to my dissertation committee: Adele Clarke and Janet Shim (co-chairs), and members Mel Chen, and Lawrence Cohen. Adele took me on as a student despite being on the brink of retirement, and for this I am immeasurably grateful. Her incisive reflections, tenacious support, and ebullience kept me afloat and significantly sharpened my analysis. I also had the incredible fortune of having Janet as co-chair of my committee. Her considered and insightful readings, collaborative approach to mentorship, and unflagging encouragement not only deepened and broadened my thought—they also set the bar for the kind of mentor I hope to be. Even though they were across the bay at UC Berkeley, Mel and Lawrence were wonderfully dedicated committee members, each of whom invited me to experiment in thinking well beyond the bounds of my discipline. Through conversations about scholarship’s potential that were at once generous and critical, Mel reminded me of the stakes of the work and the importance of “thinking with”. Lawrence’s teaching and perceptive engagement pointed me towards many of the intellectual conversations in which I strove to invest. As a group, my committee’s generosity of mind and spirit has shown me what strong and supportive mentorship can mean. iii I was also fortunate to have received support and guidance from many scholars outside of my dissertation committee. Charis Thompson provided me with many of the gifts of mentorship, even without the formal title. Chandra Lekha Sriram and Amy Ross showed interest in my project in its formative stages, and their incisive support proved critical to its development. In the first few years of my graduate program, Nayan Shah, Priya Kandaswamy, and Aihwa Ong (among many others) helped me to develop analyses that proved central to my analyses. Susan Kools and Howard Pinderhuges provided important insights and guidance in the pilot stages of my project. Mauro Cabral Grinspan, Emmanuel Theumer, Nick D’Avella, Soledad Cutuli, and Mabel Bellucci generously helped me to develop a better understanding of Argentinian activism and social movements. Emily Thuma, Alisa Bierria, Aren Aizura, Dean Spade, Chandan Reddy, Janelle Taylor, Gillian Harkins, Sarah Lamble, Sharyne Shiu-Thornton, Finn Enke, and Paisley Currah initially encouraged me to pursue my seemingly somewhat late entry into graduate training. Their work, activism, and kind support have been a perpetual inspiration. Steven Epstein, Héctor Carillo, Natalie Boero, Julia McReynolds Pérez, Katie Hasson, Lezlie Frye, Emily Thuma, Kate Darling, Natali Valdez, Sonia Rab-Alam, Emily Vasquez, Aren Aizura, Dean Spade, and Melissa Creary (among others) organized panels and events in I had the opportunity to take part. These were highly generative, and helped me to sharpen my arguments and draw new connections. Nancy Burke, Irene Yen, Rina Bliss, Juana María Rodríguez, Leslie Salzinger, Susan Stryker, Kalindi Vora, Joe Hankins, Ben Singer, Leslie Dubbin, Lindsay Smith, Noah Tamarkin, Rayna Rapp, Ann Travers, Juno Salazar Parreñas, Alondra Nelson, James Pfeiffer, Zakiya Luna, Eric Plemons, Christine Kennedy, Seth Holmes, Maria Glymour, and many others provided support, guidance, and feedback at critical times over the course of my graduate training. I also remain indebted many years later to my undergraduate mentors and instructors, particularly Jill Morawski, Jennifer Tucker, Christina Crosby, Joe Rouse, Jessica Shubow, and Kate Rushin. iv My colleagues, writing partners, and interlocutors—many of whom are now also faculty members—played critical roles in the development and direction of my scholarship. While its membership shifted over time, our writing group at UCSF (including several guest stars from other institutions) included Kate Darling, Sonia Rab-Alam, Dilara Yarbrough Krista Sigurdson, Jen James, Natalie Ingraham, Jarmin Yeh, Heather Dron, Rima Praspaliauskiene, Jamie Chang, Mike Levesque, and Taylor Cruz. Kate, Sonia, and Dilara were especially generous in reading even the roughest of drafts over the course of my writing, and their insights were crucial to developing each and every chapter in this dissertation. Emily Thuma and Alisa Bierria have long been the interlocutors and co- conspirators a feminist scholar dreams about. As readers, their insights have been invaluable, and their friendship, intellectual engagement, and political commitment have been transformative. Cindy Bello’s sharp analysis, moral support, and well-timed humor rescued me from despair on more than one occasion. Her intellectual curiosity and warm encouragement helped give me the nerve to move in new directions with my thought, and helped me to develop ideas that I might have otherwise deferred. Anna Torres, at that point still a new friend, read and provided monumentally helpful comments on my dissertation proposal. Oliver Rollins, Martine Lappé, Quinn Grundy, Florencia Rojo, Katie Hasson, Anna Jobloner, Gowri Vijayakumar, Melissa Creary, Elizabeth Payne, Rosanna Dent, Priya Kandaswamy, Natali Valdez, Sara Matthiesen, Jaimie Morse, J Sebastian, Alexa Hagerty, Mark Fleming, Francisco Fernández, and Mauro Cabral Grinspan were also incisive readers and collaborators. My SSRC DPDF program cohort in “Critical Approaches to Human Rights” nurtured the earliest inklings of my project, and their feedback and support were instrumental in assuaging my doubts about it. Special thanks to cohort members Jaime Morse, Alexa Hagerty, J Sebastian, Laura Matson, Greg Hervouet-Zeiberand, Justin Pérez, and Samar Al-Bulushi and to field leaders Amy Ross and Chandra Lekha Sriram. My participation in the São Paulo Advanced School on v Biotechnologies, Biosocialities and the Governance of the Life Sciences proved immensely important for my understanding of STS in the global South, and through it I made wonderful friends and colleagues. Co-attendees of the annual California STS Retreats also workshopped early ideas and reminded me that scholarship should frequently involve beachfront chats and campfires. Members of UC Berkeley’s Reproductive Justice Working Group, under the guidance of Zakiya Luna, also provided me with vital feedback on what eventually became Chapter 3 of this dissertation. In addition, the commemorative conference honoring the life and work of UCSF Sociology alumna Susan Leigh Star, which took place just as I was beginning the program, was deeply influential. Her legacies of feminist creativity, political engagement, and fashioning unpredictable connections remained palpable in the remainder of my experience in the program. A very special thank you to my collaborators on the Speculative Visions of Race, Technology, Science, and Survival conference at UC Berkeley in 2013 through the Center for Race and Gender. Planning and co-hosting this event with Alisa Bierria, Mel Chen, Jakeya Caruthers, and Elisa Huerta was a highlight of my graduate school career, and the dialogue that transpired there strongly resonated with and shaped my intellectual and political commitments. From the beginning, Elizabeth Payne nurtured and encouraged my slightly irrational decision to move away from my home in the Northwest to start a new career, and patiently helped me to hone in on what would become my research focus. Her moral support, unflagging encouragement, intellectual engagement, and confidence in my path have been an essential component of my completing this project. Many other friends and colleagues have also been indispensable interlocutors and inspirations, in manners both direct and less so. These include Kathleen Frederickson, Sonia Rab-Alam, Kate Darling, Raphaëlle Rabanes, Pierre Minn, Jason Alley, Jake Pyne, Andrea Parra, Jin Haritaworn, Sean Arayasirikul, Aaron Norton, Amanda Armstrong, Munira Lokhandwala, Emi Kane, Pascal Emmer, Jakeya Caruthers, Adele Carpenter, Ren-yo Hwang, Natalie vi Valdez, Hale Thompson, Chris Roebuck, Pooja Gehi, Florencia Rojo, Anna Torres, Joss Taylor, Paige Johnson, Adrienne Skye-Roberts, Lauren Berliner, Calvin Burnap, Canelli, Leah Jacobs, Toby Beauchamp, Cristina Visperas, D. Adams, Liat Ben-Moshe, Stephanie Cruz, Alexandria Wright, Francisco Fernández, Michelle Potts, Mimi Kim, Sakinah Suttiratana, Susan Miller, Sonny Nordmarken, and many others. I was privileged to have many people support my fieldwork in both New York and Buenos Aires. People put me up, helped me connect with respondents, and asked seemingly casual questions that led to important reevaluations of my assumptions. During my fieldwork in New York, I made many fortuitous connections