The 'Culture Wars' Reloaded: Trump, Anti-Political Correctness and the Right's 'Free Speech' Hypocrisy Dr. Valerie Scatamburlo-D'Annibale University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada Abstract This article explores how Donald Trump capitalized on the right's decades-long, carefully choreographed and well-financed campaign against political correctness in relation to the broader strategy of 'cultural conservatism.' It provides an historical overview of various iterations of this campaign, discusses the mainstream media's complicity in promulgating conservative talking points about higher education at the height of the 1990s 'culture wars,' examines the reconfigured anti- PC/pro-free speech crusade of recent years, its contemporary currency in the Trump era and the implications for academia and educational policy. Keywords: political correctness, culture wars, free speech, cultural conservatism, critical pedagogy Introduction More than two years after Donald Trump's ascendancy to the White House, post-mortems of the 2016 American election continue to explore the factors that propelled him to office. Some have pointed to the spread of right-wing populism in the aftermath of the 2008 global financial crisis that culminated in Brexit in Europe and Trump's victory (Kagarlitsky, 2017; Tufts & Thomas, 2017) while Fuchs (2018) lays bare the deleterious role of social media in facilitating the rise of authoritarianism in the U.S. and elsewhere. Other 69 | P a g e The 'Culture Wars' Reloaded: Trump, Anti-Political Correctness and the Right's 'Free Speech' Hypocrisy explanations refer to deep-rooted misogyny that worked against Hillary Clinton (Wilz, 2016), a backlash against Barack Obama, sedimented racism and the demonization of diversity as a public good (Major, Blodorn and Blascovich, 2016; Shafer, 2017). And, of course, there is the matter of Russian meddling that is still under investigation. Some media scholars credited the phenomenon of reality television for Trump's success based on the characteristics of the genre including the pedagogical role it has played in reinforcing neoliberal ideology and teaching us "how to be good (entrepreneurial and self-maximizing) citizens in tandem with free market discourses and policies" (Ouellette, 2016, p. 648) as well as its messages of promotionalism and self-branding (Hearn, 2016). Elmer and Todd (2016) contend that Trump's power "derives in large measure from the 'anointing-of- winners' persona he cultivated as an entrepreneurial guru" and on "his reality TV program The Apprentice" (p. 661) while Dubrofsky (2016) refers to Trump's perceived 'authenticity' when compared to the over-scripting typically associated with political campaigns. Others argue that profit-driven commercial media enabled Trump's rise by lavishing attention on his every utterance (Pickard, 2016). Many of these explanations are, undoubtedly, intertwined and compelling; however, herein I focus mainly on how Trump capitalized on the right's decades-long crusade against 'political correctness' (PC). Throughout his campaign, Trump derided PC, blaming it for a vast array of perceived social ills while concomitantly deploying anti-PC rhetoric—to inoculate his own racism and sexism from criticism—which his supporters celebrated as 'telling it like it is.'. Trump positioned himself as a culture warrior rather than a politician and one of the distinguishing characteristics of his campaign was "giving the finger to 'political correctness' in the name of freedom of expression" (Williams, 2016, 70 | P a g e Valerie Scatamburlo-D'Annibale p. 3). More than any other past candidate, Trump brought PC "from the university quad to the political arena" (Tumulty and Johnson, 2016, p. 3). While many accounts (Edsall, 2016; Reynolds, 2016; Tumulty and Johnson, 2016) cited PC as a factor in the election, they generally did not provide any historical background about the right's hijacking of PC, the media's role in fostering PC hysteria and anti-PC as part of the right's strategy of 'cultural conservatism.'. Therefore, it is imperative to acknowledge how Trump benefitted from a broader, well-orchestrated (and reinvigorated) anti-PC campaign launched decades ago by a well-financed rightist network. Political Correctness—Then and Now Various genealogies of PC locate its origins in everything from the Leninist left, Chairman Mao's Little Red Book, Black Power and feminist movements and the New Left (Berman, 1992; Perry, 1992; Raskin, 1992; Scatamburlo, 1998). Until its annexation by the right, PC was used among leftists as a form of self- mockery. Many today would be surprised to hear that PC was an "epithet used by socialists and those we might today call 'liberals'" to poke fun at "Communists who were too slavishly loyal to the party line . and who followed official dogma . instead of adjusting to real-life circumstances in front of them" (Alvarez, 2016, p. 2). Others suggest that PC applied, in a delicately chastising manner, to those who confused the willingness to embrace polite language conventions (e.g. the principle of avoiding utterances that could potentially offend certain groups of people) with active political engagement (Raskin, 1992; Scatamburlo-D'Annibale, 1998). However, PC underwent a discursive transformation: In the context of the political sectarianism of the 1970s and 1980s, the term 'political correctness' was used to extend a political sect's politics to the everyday conduct of its members. It became later a left-wing insider's joke, used ironically. The right-wing 71 | P a g e The 'Culture Wars' Reloaded: Trump, Anti-Political Correctness and the Right's 'Free Speech' Hypocrisy 'political correctness' code . by contrast, is specialized to operate in the field of public, text-mediated discourse . rather than as a challenge to bring private behaviour into line with political principle, it operates as a category of deviance; it names the actions it is used to characterize as deviating from principles of freedom of speech. It operates to reaffirm the authority of the established and to discredit the voices of those attempting change (Smith, 1995, pp. 31-32). Hence, the contemporary meaning of PC was not articulated by "liberals, progressives, or lefties;" rather the "repurposed 'PC' grievances" of the 1990s culture wars "were molded by right-wing intellectuals and media blowhards" (Alvarez, 2016, p. 1). The 'Culture Wars'—Part I During the mid-1980s conservative think tanks began to churn out articles about the decline of 'Western civilization.'. However, these were mainly confined to obscure journals with a limited audience (Wilson, 1995). Then came the 1987 publication of Allan Bloom's The Closing of the American Mind, which started a trend towards corporate funded diatribes against higher education such as Roger Kimball's Tenured Radicals (1990) and Dinesh D'Souza's Illiberal Education: The Politics of Race and Sex on Campus (1991). For his efforts, Bloom received more than $3 million between 1986 and 1989 mainly from the defunct Olin Foundation that—before shuttering its doors in 2005—had bankrolled the right's 'counterintelligentsia' to the tune of almost $400 million. Kimball and D'Souza's books were also generously funded by Olin (Scatamburlo-D'Annibale, 2011, p. 32). Bloom's manifesto reflected the populist strategy of 'cultural conservatism' mapped out by Paul Weyrich, who, envisioning the denouement of the 'red threat,' suggested that rightists embrace social issues. In 1987, he commissioned a study outlining the benefits of waging a 'culture war' and found 72 | P a g e Valerie Scatamburlo-D'Annibale that 'antiliberalism' was a more comprehensive theme than was 'economic conservatism' for the purpose of advancing conservative doctrine (Ibid., p. 59). Weyrich also helped to establish the Free Congress Foundation (now the American Opportunity Foundation), an organization once dedicated to educating "the American people about the real nature of 'Political Correctness'" which was "actually Marxism translated from economic to cultural terms" (Ibid). Past affiliates of the FCF include several prominent neo-Nazis (Bellant, 1988); one of FCF's former directors was Richard DeVos, father-in-law of Betsy DeVos. As far as the "media blowhards" to which Alvarez (2016) refers, many point to the 1990 publication of Richard Bernstein's essay "The Rising Hegemony of the Politically Correct" as a catalyst for the wave of accounts alleging campuses were being overrun by leftist thought police (Smith, 1995; Weigel, 2016). Bernstein demonized the 'left' as a coterie of propagandists plotting to impose the edicts of curricular correctness (i.e. challenging the 'Western tradition') onto unsuspecting students while stifling 'free speech.'. Bernstein's "alarming dispatch in America's paper of record set off a chain reaction, as one mainstream publication after another rushed to denounce this new trend" (Weigel, 2016, p. 3). Newsweek's December 24, 1990 cover was emblazoned with a warning to "Watch What You Say" and posed the question as to whether PC was "the New Enlightenment" or "the New McCarthyism?" The PC agenda was purportedly "shared by most organizations of minority students, feminists and gays" and was also "a program of a generation of campus radicals" who had grown up in the 1960s but had since achieved "positions of academic influence" (Adler, et al., 1990, p. 48). Such sentiments echoed those of Balch and London (1986) who published "The Tenured Left" in the neoconservative magazine 73 | P a g e The 'Culture Wars' Reloaded: