Reproductive System OVIDUCTS •• Ovaries •• Oviducts UTERUS •• Uterus •• Myometrium •• Endometrium •• Vagina •• Vulva •• VAGINA VULVA (Pudendum) OVARIAN FOLLICLE (Follicular Phase) •• Mons Pubis • Oogonia • Primary oocyte •• The Labia • Primary oocyte • Primordial follicle •• Clitoris • Primary follicle • Vestibule • Vestibule • Secondary follicle • Tertiary follicle • Mature follicle – plasminogen activating factor 1 LUTEAL PHASE ENDOMETRIAL CYCLE • Granulosa and • Menstrual phase thecal form • Proliferative / Corpus luteum Estrogen demand • Hypertrophy phase • Degeneration • Secretory / • Corpus albicans Progesterone demand phase Cervical Mucus Cycle Thin,Watery, and Alkaline--Estrogen BREAST CYCLE Thick, Viscous, and Acidic--Progesterone 2 Primary Sex Characteristics • Growth & maintenance of reproductive tract • Vaginal epithelium thickness • Endometrium proliferation • Myometrium excitability • Motility of oviducts • Breasts-deposition of fat, stimulate ductile system development • Thinning cervical mucus • Formation of L.H. receptors on granulosa cells Secondary Characteristics Progesterone Functions • Skeletal system • Uterine effects – Osteoporosis, Pelvis shape – Endometrium • Muscle – Myometrium • Increase fat deposition • Breasts • Skin softening and vascularization – Lobules • Increase HDL, decrease LDL – Alveoli • Increase production of clotting • Cervix factors • Electrolytes • Not much influence on hair, libido ? • Body Temperature Regulation of Female Cycle 3 Ovulation Birth Control PHARMACOLOGY • Inhibit ovulation • Barrier methods ESTRADIOL (Estrase) • Chemical • Sterilization CONJUGATED ESTROGENS (Premarin) • Prevent PROGESTIN (Provera) implantation • Rhythm COMBINATION (Prempro) GnRH •endometriosis •leiomyomas (fibroid “tumors”) Implantation • Assisted transport up oviducts • Fertilization • Enter uterus • Implantation • Trophoblastic cells attach • Placenta • Hormones of pregnancy 4 Human Chorionic Gondadotropin MATERNAL MALE FETUS • Similar to LH • Androgens from testis • Causes corpus luteum to needed for gonadal sex grow • Anterior pituitary not • Increased estrogen and developed yet, so no LH progesterone • HCG induces fetal testis to • Overall: increases release androgen viability and promotes life of corpus luteum • Immunosupressive agent MOTHER PLACENTA FETUS (adrenal) ESTROGENS cholesterol cholesterol cholesterol • 1st trimester from corpus luteum pregnenolone • 2nd and 3rd placenta • 2nd and 3rd placenta progesterone D.H.E.A. D.H.E.A. Concept of Fetoplacental Unit androstendione Estradiol Estradiol, estrone (liver) Estrone 16-OH D.H.E.A. 16-OH D.H.E.A. Estriol Estriol Placental Estrogens Placental Progesterone • Decidual cells produce nutrients •Enlarge external genitalia •Enlarge uterus • Cortisol and aldosterone synthesis •Enlargement of breasts and growth of ductile system • Decreases myometrial activity •Relaxation of the public ligaments • Inhibits oxytocin sensitivity • Decreases prostaglandin activity • Development of alveolar pouches • Thickening of cervical plug • Stimulates maternal respiratory center 5 HCS and RELAXIN PARTUITION Human Chorionic Somatomammotropin Hormonal Factors • Progesterone and • Prepare for lactation estrogen ratios • Increase fetal somatomedins • Oxytocin • Decrease insulin sensitivity • Prostaglandins Relaxin • Fetal/Placental • Relax pelvic floor endocrine Signals Mechanical factors • Soften cervix Mechanical factors • Reduce myometrial contractions LACTATION PATHOLOGIES • Estrogen MENtal illness • Progesterone MENstrual cramps • Prolactin MENtal breakdown • HCS (HPL) MENopause GUYnocologist • Oxytocin HISterectomy • Colostrum …all women’s problems start with MEN!! PATHOLOGIES PATHOLOGIES Athletic Menstrual Irregularity (AMI) OSTEOPOROSIS Endometriosis • Retrograde menstrual theory Pathology • Embryogenic implantation Pharmacology • Endometrial metastasis Ectopic pregnancy (EVISTA) Dysmenorrhea (FOSAMAX) PMS (Premenstrual Syndrome) (MIACALCIN) 6.