VU Research Portal Validating the performance of a Raman laser spectrometer (RLS) instrument under Martian conditions Motamedi Mohammadabadi, K. 2013 document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication in VU Research Portal citation for published version (APA) Motamedi Mohammadabadi, K. (2013). Validating the performance of a Raman laser spectrometer (RLS) instrument under Martian conditions. 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Sep. 2021 VRIJE UNIVERSITEIT Validating the performance of a Raman laser spectrometer (RLS) instrument under Martian conditions ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad Doctor aan de Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, op gezag van de rector magnificus prof.dr. F.A. van der Duyn Schouten, in het openbaar te verdedigen ten overstaan van de promotiecommissie van de Faculteit der Aard- en Levenswetenschappen op maandag 25 november 2013 om 15.45 uur in de aula van de universiteit, De Boelelaan 1105 door Khadijeh Motamedi Mohammadabadi geboren te Esfahan, Iran promotor: prof.dr. G.R. Davies copromotor: dr. A.P.M.C.A.M.G. Colin The research in this thesis was carried out at the Petrology-Deep Earth and Planetary Science department at the VU University Amsterdam, (Amsterdam, Netherlands) and was granted by Netherlands Organization for Science Research (NOW), project no ALW-GO-PL/07-09. To My Father CONTENTS Scope of thesis Summary/Samenvatting Chapter 1: Introduction to Mars 1.1 Introduction to the planet Mars .....................................................................................17 1.2 Present climatic conditions at the Mars surface ............................................................18 1.2.1 Mars‟ atmosphere .................................................................................................. 18 1.2.2 Temperature and climate at the Mars surface ........................................................ 19 1.3 Age of Mars‟ surface ....................................................................................................21 1.4 Mars composition and surface mineralogy ...................................................................23 1.4.1 Magmatic rocks ..................................................................................................... 23 1.4.1.1 Information from Martian meteorites .............................................................. 23 1.4.1.2 Information from space missions .................................................................... 25 1.4.2 Minerals and rocks suggesting past aqueous activities at Mars‟ surface .............. 25 1.5 The Mars climate and its evolution ...............................................................................27 1.6 Search for life beyond Earth on Mars: Mars missions ..................................................28 1.6.1 Mars Science Laboratory, Curiosity rover ........................................................... 30 1.6.2 ExoMars mission .................................................................................................. 33 1.7 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................35 1.8 References .....................................................................................................................37 Chapter 2: Raman and Laser induced breakdown Spectrometer (RLS) 2.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................42 2.2 Principles of Raman spectroscopy ................................................................................42 2.2.1 The Raman effect ................................................................................................... 43 2.2.2 Raman intensity .................................................................................................... 46 2.2.3 Number of normal modes of vibration .................................................................. 47 2.2.4 Vibrational dynamics of molecules and solid crystalline ...................................... 47 2.2.5 Advantages and disadvantages of Raman Spectroscopy ....................................... 49 2.3 Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) ...........................................................50 2.3.1 History of LIBS spectroscopy ............................................................................... 51 2.3.2 The basic principles of LIBS ................................................................................. 51 2.3.3 Advantages and disadvantages of LIBS spectroscopy .......................................... 53 2.4 The RLS instrument ......................................................................................................53 2.4.1 Laser sources ......................................................................................................... 54 2.4.1.1 Raman laser source ......................................................................................... 54 2.4.1.2 LIBS laser source ............................................................................................ 59 2.4.2 Optical head ........................................................................................................... 59 2.4.3 Spectrometer .......................................................................................................... 61 2.5 Characteristics of the RLS instrument ..........................................................................66 2.5.1 Instrument resolution ............................................................................................. 66 2.5.2 Calibration of the CCD at different temperatures ................................................. 67 2.5.2.2 Calibration of the CCD column number to wavelength .................................. 69 2.5.2.3 Accuracy of Raman shift values...................................................................... 72 2.5.3 CCD noise and the detection limit of Raman signals ........................................... 76 2.6 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................77 2.7 References .....................................................................................................................79 Chapter 3: Manufacture and design of a new Mars atmosphere simulation chamber 3.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................83 3.2 Current Mars Chambers ................................................................................................84 3.3 MASC chamber: Required performance ......................................................................85 3.4 Mars Atmosphere Simulation Chamber (MASC).........................................................87 3.4.1 General design philosophy .................................................................................... 87 3.4.2 Vacuum isolation ................................................................................................... 88 3.4.3 Cooling screen ....................................................................................................... 89 3.4.4 Design of door/flanges and mounting plates ......................................................... 91 3.5 Control and operation of the vacuum system ...............................................................92 3.5.1 Design of the vacuum system ................................................................................ 92 3.5.2 Selecting a suitable vacuum seal ........................................................................... 93 3.6 The design, layout and operation of the cooling and heating system ...........................97 3.6.1 Cooling / heating of the flanges ............................................................................. 97 3.6.2 Cooling / heating of the cooling screen and mounting plate ............................... 100 3.6.3 Cooling the CCD of the RLS instrument............................................................. 102 3.7 Control of the carbon dioxide (CO2) in MASC ..........................................................104 3.8 Temperature monitoring in the MASC .......................................................................105 3.9 Temperature validation inside the MASC ..................................................................106 3.10 Design of a sample holder with 3D linear stages ........................................................107 3.11 Conclusion and future applications .............................................................................109 3.12 References