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(VOLUMES I AND If) The University of Michigan, Ph.D., 1977 Political Science, general University Microfilms Intemational, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 ~) Robert Jamus Friedrich 1977 All Rights Reserved ii THEIIMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL, INDIVIDUAL, AND SITUATIONAL FACTORS ON POLICE BEHAVIOR Volume I Robert James Friedrich A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Political Science) in The University of Michigan 1977 Doctoral Committee: Professor M. Kent Jennings, Co-Chairman Associate Professor Kenneth P. Langton, Co-Chairman Asslstant-Professor Milton Heumann Professor Richard O. Lempert ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many people have contributed in many ways to this study. All of them deserve much of the credit for what is right in the follow- ing pages and none of them deserves any of the blame for what is wrong, that being my particular responsibility. The seeds from which this work grew were sown in classes with Ja~s Eisenstein, who interested me in the police and the processes by which they are socialized into certain attitudes, andwith Kenneth Langton, who led me to question the usual assumptionsabout the relationships between such attitudes and overt actions. These seeds have been richly nourished by the m(~nbers of my conwnittee. Ken Langton, first as chairman and then as co-chairman, was invaluable in directing me into the relevant areas of the broader social science literature I might otherwise never have en- countered and in helping me through a number of conceptual problems. Kent Jennings, as the other co-chairman, offered useful suggestions, provided moral support when it was most needed, and shepherded me through the bureaucracy. Richard Lempert, with his incisive and constructive comments--offered under considerable pressure of time--- improved the quality of the final product measurably. And words cannot express my gratitude to Milton Heumann. His suggestions, his buoyant good humor, and his encouragement saw me through the dark hours before the dawn. til I am also grateful to the good friends who have contributed advice, assistance, and support during the time I have worked on this project: Sam Eldersveld, Herb Weisberg, Jim and Barbara Chesney, Ethel Klein, Lee and Bob Luskin, Ron and Patricia Rapoport, and Steve Shaffer and Lisa Robock. Ron merits .sPecial recognition for his valuable suggestions regarding the analysis in Chapter IX. And, as will perhaps be most apparent to the reader, Jeannette Nafe warrants special praise for her fine job in typing the dissertation--elso accomplished under considerable pressure of time. I thank Albert J. Reiss, Jr., for granting me permission to use the data collected in his seminal police observation study and for providing me with the extensive documentation for thestudy. Donald J. Black facilitated my access to the dataand provided mewith val- uable information on some of the details of the study. The Computing Center and the Statistical Research Laboratory of The University of Michigan deserve special credit for having developed hardware and software sufficient to the formidable data management and data analysis problems I confronted. So do the Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studies and the National Institute of Mental Health, for supplying mewith financial support through much of the time I worked on the project. " Finally, I thank the members of my family. My parents, Lorraine and Julius, and my parents-in-law, Frances and Jack Ader, have been unfailing in their support--emotional and financial---over theyears. iv Whenever I needed help, they were there. Aboveall others, I thank my beloved wife Elaine. She managed the incredible task of seeing me" thro~h my dissertation at the same time as she finished her own. Without her companionship, her counsel, her caring, and her un- flagging confidence in me, I would never have finished. For these reasons and more, I dedicate it to her. fABLE OF CONTENTS iii ACKNOWLEDGNENTS ........................ LIST OF TABLES ............... viii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS............ , ........ XV I INTRODUCTION ......................... CHAPTER I. THE POLICE AND POLITICS .............. The Nature of Police Activity: What Policemen Do The Political Significance of Police Behavior II. MODELSOF POLICE BEHAVIOR ............. 80 Tile "Machine" Model Social-Psychological Models Ill. INDIVIDUALAND SITUATIONAL SOURCES 148 OF BEHAVIOR ........ - ........... Individuals and Situations: An Overview Some Suggestions for Further Research IV. EXPLAININGPOLICE BEHAVIOR: HYPOTHESES AND DATA...................... 1gs Some Broad Hypotheses The Data V. THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATION............. 225 Operationalizing the Dimen- Sions of Police Behavior The Effects of Organization vl TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) VI. THE IMPACT OF INDIVIDUALS.. • .......... 272 The Effects of Length of Service The Effects of Job Satisfaction The Effects of Race and Racial Attl tudes Multivariate Models of Individual Effects Vll. THE IMPACT OF SITUATIONS .............. 354 Effects on Formal Behavior. Effects on Informal. Behavior VIII. ORGANIZATIONALVARIATION IN THE IMPACT OF INDIVIDUAL AND SITUATIONAL DIFFEREr4CES ...... 437 The Effects of Organization on the Impact of Individual Characteristics The Effects of Organization on the Impact of Situational Characteristics IX. THE INTERACTIVE EFFECTS OF INDIVIDUAL AND SITUATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS............ 497 The Effects of Individual Differences on the Impact of Situational Characteristics The Effects of Situational Differences on the Impact of Individual Characteristics X. SU~Y AND.IMPLICATIONS ............. 548 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY .................... 570 vll LIST OF TABLES • : • Tab1 • 4.1 Number of Policemen Observed in Each City and Precinct ............. "...... 211 4.2 Number Of Encounters, Number of Citizens, .. and Number of Dyadic Interactions, by .. Number of Policemen and Numoer of Primary Citizen Participants ................. 219 4.3 Number of Tours of Duty, by Number of Policemen Observed on Each Tour, and Total Number of "Policemen-on-Tour" Observed ....... • 220 5.1 Relationships Between Original and Revised Codings of Policeman's Manipulative Techniques and Manner................. 233 5.2 Intra-Class Correlations, by Observer, for Informal Dimensions of Police Behavior " 234 5.3 Percentage Distribution of Policeman's Manner toward Citizens ................ 236 5.4 Policeman's Manner toward Citizen, by Citizen's Role in Situation .............. 237 244 5.5 Arrest of Offenders, by City ............. 5.6 Percentage of Offenders Arrested, by City, by Seriousness of Offense .......... ..... 246 5.7 Reporting. for Complainants in Encounters with Offender Absent, by City ............. 249 5.8 Percentage of Official Reports Written, by City, by Seriousness of Offense ......... • • • 250 5.9 Disposition of Offenders in Police-lnitiated Traffic Encounters, by City. ......... •.... 250 254 5.10 Manner of Policeman, by City ............. 5.11 Manner of Policeman, by City, by •Citizen's Role .................... 256 5.12