ROBERT D. BORSLEY AND MARIA LUISA RIVERO CLITIC AUXILIARIES AND INCORPORATION IN POLISH* This paper discusses the two alternatingsyntactic patterns of Polish past and con- ditional sentences from a Slavic perspective.We argue that what are often referred to in Polish as past tense verbs, for example widziale.s'you saw', are in fact combi- nations of a past participleand a perfect auxiliary,e.g., widzial 'seen' and s 'you have'. These combinationsare the result of syntacticIncorporation in the sense of Baker(1988). Whennot combinedwith the participle,the auxiliarycan appearalmost anywhereto the left of the participlewithin the same clause. We argue, however, that it alwaysoccupies the same syntacticposition, only to undergoPF-cliticization. The auxiliarycombines with a varietyof elementsbecause phrasalfrontings such as Wh-movementand Scramblingallow a varietyof categoriesto immediatelyprecede the I-node occupiedby the auxiliary.The proposalthat the auxiliaryappears in the I-node alone or incorporatesthe participleexplains why certainitems can host a clitic auxiliarywhile others cannot. A second auxiliarythat incorporatesa participleis the conditionalauxiliary, as in widzial+ bys 'you would see'. However, the conditional auxiliaryis not a clitic and hence, unlike the perfect auxiliary,can appearin initial position. We argue that Polish is uniqueamong West and South Slavic languagesin havingIncorporation. Bulgarian sentences like cel sum 'I have read' and counterparts in Czech, Serbo-Croatian,and Slovak appear similar to Polish examples involving Incorporation.However, they are the productof Long Head Movement, i.e., the movementof the participledirectly to the C-positionacross the auxiliary.We argue that Polish sentencesinvolving Incorporation differ in syntacticproperties from Long Head Movementconstructions in the other languages. 1. THE Two SYNTACTIC PATTERNS OF PASTS AND CONDITIONALS The following sentences illustratean intriguingfeature of Polish syntax: (1)a. Ty widzial- es' tq ksiq&q. you seen + MASC + SG- 2SG this book * Researchfor this articlehas been partlysupported by the EuropeanScience Foundation under the Eurotyp Project, and by Grants 410-88-0101and 410-91-0178from the Social Sciences and HumanitiesResearch Council of Canadato the second author. Preliminary versionswere presentedto the joint meetingof the Cliticsand the Complementationgroups of the EurotypProject in Viennain October1991, and to the LinguisticAssociation of Great Britainin Brightonin April 1992. We thankEwa Jaworskaand Jacek Witkosfor help with the Polish data, Riny Huybregtsand Henk van Riemsdijkfor helpful comments,Danijela Kudraand LjiljanaProgovac for discussionof the Serbo-Croatiandata, three anonymous reviewersfor insightfulcriticism, and FrederickNewmeyer for very useful editorialadvice. Usual disclaimersapply. NaturalLanguage and LinguisticTheory 12: 373-422, 1994. (D 1994 KluwerAcademic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands. 374 ROBERT D. BORSLEY AND MARfA LUISA RIVERO (1)b. T-s widzial te; ksi#?kq. you 2SG see + MASC + SG this book You saw/have seen this book. In (la), we have what is often referred to as a past tense verb form: widziates''you saw'. In (lb), the element -s, which one might conclude from (la) is a verbal inflection, is attached to a subjectpronoun. In this paper, we will look in some detail at this phenomenonand argue that the so-called 'past tense' is in fact a syntacticcomplex formed by a participle and a perfect auxiliary.We will also consider how the auxiliarycan be combinedwith other elements of the sentence; on the face of it, when the auxiliary does not form a syntactic complex with the participle, it can appear almost anywhereto the left within the same sentence. Consider, for example, the following: (2)a. Ty jego widzial- es. You him see + MASC + SG- 2SG b. Ty- s jego widzial You- 2SG him see + MASC + SG c. Ty jego- s widzial You him- 2SG see + MASC + SG You saw him. In (2a), the auxiliaryattaches to the preceding participle,in (2b) to the subject, and in (2c) to the object. There are even examples in which the auxiliaryappears to be inside a phrase. Thus we have both (3a) and (3b): (3)a. Ewy ksi#?kqczytal- es. Ewa's book read + MASC + SG- 2SG b. Ewy- s ksi4zkqczytal. Ewa's-2SG book read + MASC + SG You read Ewa's book. However, there are restrictionson the position of the auxiliary:it cannot appear in a higher clause than the participle, attach to items to the right of the participle,or follow the negative particleor transitiveprepositions. We will argue that the combination of participle and auxiliaryis the consequence of syntacticIncorporation in the sense of Baker (1988: 22): the participle raises to the auxiliaryin the syntax. We will also propose that when the auxiliaryis not attachedto the participle,it alwaysoccupies CLITIC AUXILIARIES AND INCORPORATION IN POLISH 375 the same syntactic position, the lo-node, and subsequentlyundergoes a process of PF cliticization.In Polish, clitic auxiliariesare not in a special second position in the clause and can attach to a variety of elements because independentlymotivated phrasal movements allow these items to immediatelyprecede them. Polish auxiliariesfail to attach to items which cannot prepose independently. We have similar phenomena in conditional sentences. The following resemble the examples in (1): (4)a. Ty wizial- bys' tq ksi#zkq you seen + MASC + SG- COND + 2SG this book b. Ty bys widziat t ksi#ikq. you COND + 2SG seen + MASC + SG this book c. Bys widzial te ksiBzkq. COND + 2SG seen + MASC + SG this book You would see this book. In (4a) the conditionalauxiliary is attachedto the participle.In (4b-c) it is not attachedto the auxiliaryor anythingelse. Like the perfect auxiliary, the conditionalcan on the face of it appear anywhereto the left of the participleincluding inside a phrase. Thus we have the examplesin (5) and (6), parallelto those in (2) and (3): (5)a. Ty jego widzial- bys. You him see + MASC + SG- COND + 2SG b. Ty bys jego widzial. You COND + 2SG him see + MASC c. Ty jego bys widzial. You him COND + 2SG see + MASC You would see him. (6)a. Ewy ksi#kq czytal- bys. Ewa's book read + MASC + SG COND + 2SG b. Ewy bys ksi#?kqczytal. Ewa's COND + 2SG book read + MASC + SG You would read Ewa's book. 376 ROBERT D. BORSLEY AND MARfA LUISA RIVERO We will argue that the conditionalauxiliary is very much like the perfect auxiliary,except that it is not a PF clitic. An importantfeature of the analysesthat we develop here is that they minimizethe differencebetween Polish, other West Slavic languages,and South Slavic languages. Polish has Incorporation, whereas the other languages have Long Head Movement, that is, the movement of the participleto the complementizeracross the auxiliary.Otherwise they are very similar. In addition, our analysis accounts for the distributionand positional restrictionsof Polish auxiliaries, providing an explanation of why certain items can host a clitic auxiliarywhile others cannot. The paper is organizedas follows. Section 2 discussesPolish Incorpor- ation of the verb to the auxiliary, and its syntactic contrasts with Long Head Movement of the verb to the complementizerin other Slavic lan- guages. Section 3 deals with the position of the auxiliaryin non-incorpor- ated patterns, arguingfor two main conclusions:first, the auxiliaryis in the I?-position,just like a finite verb; second, word order results from the frontingof the phrasepreceding the auxiliary.This latter conclusionshows that Polish is a configurationallanguage with movement properties at- tested in many other languages.Section 4 considersnegation in the Polish clause and its interaction with Incorporation.Section 5 argues, on the basis of conditionals in subjunctiveand counterfactualclauses, for the hypothesisthat Incorporationin Polish is a syntacticrather than a lexical operation. 2. SENTENCES WITH INCORPORATION FROM A SLAVIC PERSPECTIVE In this section, we develop our analysis for Polish sentences involving Incorporation.Polish past and conditionalsentences are particularlyinter- esting from a general Slavic perspectivebecause they differ in important ways from superficiallysimilar sentences in other Slavic languages. We argue that this is because they involve the incorporationof a participleto the auxiliaryin the syntax, a process whichis absent from the other Slavic languages.Syntactic differences between Polish and languageslike Czech, Slovak, and Bulgarianmotivate this conclusion. 2.1. Past TenseParadigms Let us begin with the full range of past tense forms of a typical Polish verb such as widziec 'see' in (7): CLITIC AUXILIARIES AND INCORPORATION IN POLISH 377 (7) SINGULAR PLURAL 1P: a. widzial-em 'I saw' widzieli-smy 'we saw' seen + MASC + SG-1SG seen + VIRILE + PL-1PL1 a'. widziala-m widzialy-smy seen + FEM + SG-1SG seen + NON-VIRILE+ SG- 1PL 2P: b. widzial-eg 'you saw' widzieli-scie 'you saw' seen + MASC-2SG seen + VIRILE + PL-2PL b'. widzialaA widzialyAcie seen + FEM + SG-2SG seen + NON- VIRILE + PL - 2PL 3P: c. widzial 'he saw' widzieli 'they saw' seen + MASC + SG seen + VIRILE + PL c'. widziala 'she saw' seen + FEM + SG widzialy seen + NON-VIRILE + PL c". widzialo 'it saw' seen + NEUT + SG This paradigmmakes it clear that the verb stem is followed by forms that show numberand gender and that an additionalmarker indicating person and number completes the word. For instance, in the first person mascu- line singularform widziatem'I saw', widzi- is the stem, -al- shows number (Sg) and gender (Masc), and the suffix -em indicates number (Sg) and person