UN Deployment: PRIORITIZING COMMITMENTS AT HOME AND ABROAD Report of the Standing Senate Committee on National Security and Defence The Honourable Daniel Lang, Chair The Honourable Mobina S.B. Jaffer, Deputy Chair SBK>QB SK>Q November 2016 CANADA Ce document est disponible en français This report and the committee’s proceedings are available online at: www.senate-senat.ca/secd.asp Hard copies of this document are available by contacting: The Senate Committees Directorate at (613) 990-0088 or by email at [email protected] TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ACRONYMS ...................................................................................................................................... iv MEMBERS OF THE STANDING SENATE COMMITTEE ON NATIONAL SECURITY AND DEFENCE ................... vi ORDER OF REFERENCE ................................................................................................................................. vii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................. 1 RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................................................................................... 4 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 5 PART A: CANADA’S NATIONAL INTEREST AND UN PEACE SUPPORT OPERATIONS ...................................... 8 Building a National Consensus Pre-Deployment ..................................................................................... 10 Making the case for UN Peace Support Deployment .............................................................................. 12 Peacekeeping’s transition to Peace Support Operations Missions ......................................................... 14 Risks.. ....................................................................................................................................................... 17 HOW AND WHERE CAN CANADA CONTRIBUTE .......................................................................................... 17 Personnel ................................................................................................................................................. 21 – Women and UN Security Council Resolution 1325 ............................................................................ 21 – Francophones .................................................................................................................................... 23 Equipment ............................................................................................................................................... 24 Peacekeeping Capability Readiness System ............................................................................................ 24 Non-Military Contributions to UN Peace Support Operations ................................................................ 25 Conflict Prevention and Capacity Building .............................................................................................. 25 Training .................................................................................................................................................... 29 A UNITED NATIONS IN NEED OF REFORM .................................................................................................. 30 Combatting Corruption............................................................................................................................ 33 Sexual Abuse and Misconduct ................................................................................................................. 33 PART B: CANADA AND UN PEACEKEEPING - HISTORICAL BACKGROUND AND MISSIONS ......................... 35 COLD-WAR ERA PEACEKEEPING .................................................................................................................. 35 i A. United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF I) in Egypt ............................................................................ 37 1. Authorization General Assembly Emergency Session Resolutions 998-1000 (1956–1967). ...... 37 2. Context ....................................................................................................................................... 37 3. Mandate ..................................................................................................................................... 37 4. Canadian Contribution ................................................................................................................ 37 B. United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) .................................................................. 38 1. Authorization Security Council Resolution 186 (1964–present). ............................................... 38 2. Context ....................................................................................................................................... 38 3. Mandate ..................................................................................................................................... 38 4. Canadian Contribution ................................................................................................................ 38 C. Multinational Force and Observers (MFO) .......................................................................................... 39 1. Authorization Protocol to the Egyptian-Israeli Treaty of Peace (1981–present). ...................... 39 2. Context ....................................................................................................................................... 39 3. Mandate ..................................................................................................................................... 40 4. Canadian Contribution ................................................................................................................ 40 POST-COLD WAR PEACEKEEPING ................................................................................................................ 40 A. UN Protection Force (UNPROFOR) and NATO-Led Implementation Force (IFOR) .............................. 42 1. Authorization 1992–1995 (UN Security Council Resolution 743). .............................................. 42 2. Context ....................................................................................................................................... 42 3. Mandate ..................................................................................................................................... 42 4. Canadian Contribution ................................................................................................................ 43 B. UN Operation in Somalia I (UNOSOM I – 1992) (UNOSOM II – 1993)................................................. 43 1. Authorization Security Council Resolution 751 (1992). .............................................................. 43 2. Context ....................................................................................................................................... 43 3. Mandate ..................................................................................................................................... 44 4. Canadian Contributions .............................................................................................................. 45 C. UN Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR) .................................................................................... 45 1. Authorization Security Council Resolution 872 (1993–1996). .................................................... 45 2. Context ....................................................................................................................................... 45 3. Mandate ..................................................................................................................................... 46 4. Canadian Contribution ................................................................................................................ 47 MODERN PEACE SUPPORT OPERATIONS .................................................................................................... 48 A. United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democractic Republic of Congo (MONUSCO) ................................................................................................................................... 48 1. Authorization Resolution 1925 (2010–present). ........................................................................ 48 2. Context ....................................................................................................................................... 48 3. Mandate ..................................................................................................................................... 49 4. Canadian Contribution ................................................................................................................ 50 B. United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA) ................... 51 1. Authorization Security Council Resolution 2100 (2013-present) ............................................... 51 ii 2. Context ....................................................................................................................................... 51 3. Mandate ....................................................................................................................................