University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Faculty Publications from the Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering 1-16-2012 Optimally enhanced optical emission in laser- induced breakdown spectroscopy by combining spatial confinement and dual-pulse irradiation L. B. Guo Huazhong University of Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln B. Y. Zhang University of Nebraska-Lincoln X. N. He University of Nebraska-Lincoln C. M. Li Huazhong University of Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln Y. S. Zhou University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/electricalengineeringfacpub Part of the Computer Engineering Commons, and the Electrical and Computer Engineering Commons Guo, L. B.; Zhang, B. Y.; He, X. N.; Li, C. M.; Zhou, Y. S.; Wu, T.; Park, J. B.; Zeng, X. Y.; and Lu, Yongfeng, "Optimally enhanced optical emission in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy by combining spatial confinement and dual-pulse irradiation" (2012). Faculty Publications from the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering. 232. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/electricalengineeringfacpub/232 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Electrical & Computer Engineering, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications from the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Authors L. B. Guo, B. Y. Zhang, X. N. He, C. M. Li, Y. S. Zhou, T. Wu, J. B. Park, X. Y. Zeng, and Yongfeng Lu This article is available at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/ electricalengineeringfacpub/232 Optimally enhanced optical emission in laser- induced breakdown spectroscopy by combining spatial confinement and dual-pulse irradiation L. B. Guo,1,2 B. Y. Zhang,2 X. N. He,2 C. M. Li,1,2 Y. S. Zhou,2 T. Wu,1 J. B. Park,2 X. Y. Zeng,1 and Y. F. Lu2,* 1Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), College of Optoelectronics Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China 2Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0511, USA *[email protected] Abstract: In laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), a pair of aluminum-plate walls were used to spatially confine the plasmas produced in air by a first laser pulse (KrF excimer laser) from chromium (Cr) targets with a second laser pulse (Nd:YAG laser at 532 nm, 360 mJ/pulse) introduced parallel to the sample surface to re-excite the plasmas. Optical emission enhancement was achieved by combing the spatial confinement and dual-pulse LIBS (DP-LIBS), and then optimized by adjusting the distance between the two walls and the interpulse delay time between both laser pulses. A significant enhancement factor of 168.6 for the emission intensity of the Cr lines was obtained at an excimer laser fluence of 5.6 J/cm2 using the combined spatial confinement and DP-LIBS, as compared with an enhancement factor of 106.1 was obtained with DP-LIBS only. The enhancement mechanisms based on shock wave theory and reheating in DP- LIBS are discussed. ©2012 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: (300.6365) Spectroscopy, laser induced breakdown; (350.5400) Plasmas. References and links 1. L. J. Radziemski and D. A. Cremers, Laser Induced Plasma and Applications, (Marcel Dekker, New York, 1989). 2. U. Panne, R. E. Neuhauser, M. Theisen, H. Fink, and R. Niessner, “Analysis of heavy metal aerosols on filters by laser-induced plasma spectroscopy,” Spectrochim. Acta, B At. Spectrosc. 56(6), 839–850 (2001). 3. L. M. Cabalín and J. J. Laserna, “Surface stoichiometry of manganin coatings prepared by pulsed laser deposition as described by laser-induced breakdown spectrometry,” Anal. Chem. 73(6), 1120–1125 (2001). 4. A. C. Samuels, F. C. DeLucia, Jr., K. L. McNesby, and A. W. Miziolek, “Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy of bacterial spores, molds, pollens, and protein: initial studies of discrimination potential,” Appl. Opt. 42(30), 6205–6209 (2003). 5. N. J. McMillan, R. S. Harmon, F. C. De Lucia, and A. M. Miziolek, “Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy analysis of minerals: Carbonates and silicates,” Spectrochim. Acta, B At. Spectrosc. 62B(12), 1528–1536 (2007). 6. F. C. De Lucia, Jr., J. L. Gottfried, and A. W. Miziolek, “Evaluation of femtosecond laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for explosive residue detection,” Opt. Express 17(2), 419–425 (2009). 7. F. Hilbk-Kortenbruck, R. Noll, P. Wintjens, H. Falk, and C. Becker, “Analysis of heavy metals in soils using laser-induced breakdown spectrometry combined with laser-induced fluorescence,” Spectrochim. Acta, B At. Spectrosc. 56(6), 933–945 (2001). 8. R. Noll, H. Bette, A. Brysch, M. Kraushaar, I. Mönch, L. Peter, and V. Sturm,“ Laser-induced breakdown spectrometry — applications for production control and quality assurance in the steel industry,” Spectrochim. Acta, B At. Spectrosc. 56(6), 637–649 (2001). 9. X. K. Shen, J. Sun, H. Ling, and Y. F. Lu, “Spatial confinement effects in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(8), 081501 (2007). 10. J. Gruber, J. Heitz, H. Strasser, D. Bäuerle, and N. Ramaseder, “Rapid in-situ analysis of liquid steel by laser- induced breakdown spectroscopy,” Spectrochim. Acta, B At. Spectrosc. 56(6), 685–693 (2001). 11. R. E. Neuhauser, U. Panne, and R. Niessner, “Laser-induced plasma spectroscopy (LIPS): a versatile tool for monitoring heavy metal aerosols,” Anal. Chim. Acta 392(1), 47–54 (1999). 12. B. J. Marquardt, B. M. Cullum, T. J. Shaw, and S. M. Angel, “Fiber optic probe for determining heavy metals in solids based on laser-induced plasmas,” Proc. SPIE 3105, 203–212 (1997). #157588 - $15.00 USD Received 3 Nov 2011; revised 23 Nov 2011; accepted 24 Nov 2011; published 9 Jan 2012 (C) 2012 OSA 16 January 2012 / Vol. 20, No. 2 / OPTICS EXPRESS 1436 13. C. M. Davies, H. H. Telle, and A. W. Williams, “Remote in situ analytical spectroscopy and its applications in the nuclear industry,” Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 355(7-8), 895–899 (1996). 14. K. Y. Yamamoto, D. A. Cremers, M. J. Ferris, and L. E. Foster, “Detection of metals in the environment using a portable laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy instrument,” Appl. Spectrosc. 50(2), 222–233 (1996). 15. D. Anglos, “Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy in art and archaeology,” Appl. Spectrosc. 55(6), 186A– 205A (2001). 16. M. Corsi, G. Cristoforetti, M. Hidalgo, S. Legnaioli, V. Palleschi, A. Salvetti, E. Tognoni, and C. Vallebona, “Application of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy technique to hair tissue mineral analysis,” Appl. Opt. 42(30), 6133–6137 (2003). 17. A. K. Knight, N. L. Scherbarth, D. A. Cremers, and M. J. Ferris, “Characterization of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) for application to space exploration,” Appl. Spectrosc. 54(3), 331–340 (2000). 18. J. Scaffidi, W. Pearman, J. C. Carter, and S. M. Angel, “Observations in collinear femtosecond-nanosecond dual- pulse laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy,” Appl. Spectrosc. 60(1), 65–71 (2006). 19. J. Scaffidi, J. Pender, W. Pearman, S. R. Goode, B. W. Colston, Jr., J. C. Carter, and S. M. Angel, “Dual-pulse laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy with combinations of femtosecond and nanosecond laser pulses,” Appl. Opt. 42(30), 6099–6106 (2003). 20. R. E. Russo, X. L. Mao, J. J. Gonzalez, and S. S. Mao, “Femtosecond laser ablation ICR-MS,” J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 17(9), 1072–1075 (2002). 21. X. K. Shen, H. Wang, Z. Q. Xie, Y. Gao, H. Ling, and Y. F. Lu, “Detection of trace phosphorus in steel using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy combined with laser-induced fluorescence,” Appl. Opt. 48(13), 2551– 2558 (2009). 22. X. N. He, W. Hu, C. M. Li, L. B. Guo, and Y. F. Lu, “Generation of high-temperature and low-density plasmas for improved spectral resolutions in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy,” Opt. Express 19(11), 10997–11006 (2011). 23. A. M. Popov, F. Colao, and R. Fantoni, “Enhancement of LIBS signal by spatially confining the laser-induced plasma,” J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 24(5), 602–604 (2009). 24. A. M. Popov, F. Colao, and R. Fantoni, “Spatial confinement of laser-induced plasma to enhance LIBS sensitivity for trace elements determination in soils,” J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 25(6), 837–848 (2010). 25. L. B. Guo, C. M. Li, W. Hu, Y. S. Zhou, B. Y. Zhang, Z. X. Cai, X. Y. Zeng, and Y. F. Lu, “Plasma confinement by hemispherical cavity in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 98(13), 131501 (2011). 26. S. Singha, Z. Hu, and R. J. Gordon, “Ablation and plasma emission produced by dual femtosecond laser pulses,” J. Appl. Phys. 104(11), 113520 (2008). 27. J. Uebbing, J. Brust, W. Sdorra, F. Leis, and K. Niemax, “Reheating of a laser-produced plasma by a second pulse laser,” Appl. Spectrosc. 45(9), 1419–1423 (1991). 28. A. De Giacomo, M. Dell’Aglio, O. De Pascale, and M. Capitelli, “From single pulse to double pulse ns-laser- induced breakdown spectroscopy under water: elemental analysis of aqueous solutions and submerged solid samples,” Spectrochim. Acta, B At. Spectrosc. 62(8), 721–738 (2007). 29. X. K. Shen, J. Sun, H. Ling, and Y. F. Lu, “Spectroscopic study of laser-induced Al plasmas with cylindrical confinement,” J. Appl. Phys. 102(9), 093301 (2007). 30. L. B. Guo, W. Hu, B. Y. Zhang, X. N. He, C. M. Li, Y. S. Zhou, Z. X. Cai, X. Y. Zeng, and Y. F. Lu, “Enhancement of optical emission from laser-induced plasmas by combined spatial and magnetic confinement,” Opt. Express 19(15), 14067–14075 (2011). 31. D. K.