This item was submitted to Loughborough University as a PhD thesis by the author and is made available in the Institutional Repository (https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/) under the following Creative Commons Licence conditions. For the full text of this licence, please go to: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/ Increasing the resilience of urban water utilities to extreme weather events By Joachim Ibeziako Ezeji A Doctoral Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Award of Doctor of Philosophy of Loughborough University January 2013 © Joachim Ibeziako Ezeji, 2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................................................................... II LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................... IX LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................................................ XI LIST OF ANNEXES ................................................................................................................... XIV ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................................. XXI ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................................... XXII CHAPTER ONE ....................................................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background ................................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Purpose statement and theoretical base .................................................................................. 4 1.3 Research objective/question, proposition and contributions ............................................. 5 1.4 Justification for the research ..................................................................................................... 7 1.5 Methodology ............................................................................................................................... 8 1.6 Thesis Outline ............................................................................................................................. 8 1.7 Delimitation of Scope ................................................................................................................ 8 1.8 Chapter Summary ....................................................................................................................... 9 2 CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................................................ 10 LITERATURE REVIEW ....................................................................................................................... 10 2.1 Introductions ............................................................................................................................ 10 2.2 Study Setting ............................................................................................................................. 10 2.2.1 The Niger River and its basin:........................................................................................ 11 2.2.2 Variation in annual average discharge ........................................................................... 13 2.2.3 Sediment balance of the Niger River ............................................................................ 13 2.2.4 The Nigerian coastal area ................................................................................................ 16 2.2.5 The geology of the Niger delta ...................................................................................... 17 II 2.2.6 Economy and Demography ........................................................................................... 19 2.3 Niger Delta compared with some other global deltas ........................................................ 20 2.4 Defining Climate Change and its effects .............................................................................. 23 2.5 Climate Change and water hazards ........................................................................................ 25 2.6 Disaggregating water hazard risks .......................................................................................... 25 2.7 Bio-physical hazard risks ......................................................................................................... 27 2.7.1 Climate and Temperature ............................................................................................... 27 2.7.2 Rainfall intensity and patterns ........................................................................................ 28 2.7.3 Rainfall induced land erosion and gully formation ..................................................... 28 2.7.4 Flooding ............................................................................................................................ 30 2.7.5 High turbidity and contamination of surface waters .................................................. 31 2.8 Bio-geophysical risks ................................................................................................................ 31 2.8.1 Salt water intrusion .......................................................................................................... 32 2.8.2 Sea level rise ...................................................................................................................... 37 2.8.3 Land Subsidence .............................................................................................................. 40 2.8.4 Rising water tables ........................................................................................................... 40 2.8.5 Coastal erosion and flooding frequency ....................................................................... 41 2.8.6 Land Inundation .............................................................................................................. 42 2.9 Municipal and Institutional Issues ......................................................................................... 43 2.10 Imo State Water Corporation (ISWC) .................................................................................. 44 2.10.1 Background and Management Structure ...................................................................... 44 2.10.2 Strategic functions ........................................................................................................... 47 2.10.3 ISWB water schemes and their status ........................................................................... 48 2.10.4 Features of ISWC functional water scheme in Owerri .............................................. 49 2.10.5 Utility Financials at a glance ........................................................................................... 50 2.10.6 Utility Challenges and problems .................................................................................... 51 2.11 Rivers State Water Board ........................................................................................................ 52 2.11.1 Background and Management Structure ...................................................................... 52 III 2.11.2 Strategic functions ........................................................................................................... 56 2.11.3 RSWB Water Schemes and their status ........................................................................ 56 2.11.4 Features of RSWB functional water schemes .............................................................. 57 2.11.5 Utility financials at a glance ............................................................................................ 58 2.11.6 Utility challenges and problems ..................................................................................... 59 2.12 Cross River State Water Board (CRSWB) Ltd, Calabar ..................................................... 60 2.12.1 Background and Management Structure ...................................................................... 60 2.12.2 Strategic functions ........................................................................................................... 65 2.12.3 Status of Water Schemes ................................................................................................. 66 2.12.4 Features of functional water schemes ........................................................................... 67 2.12.5 Utility financials at a glance ............................................................................................ 68 2.12.6 Utility challenges and problems ..................................................................................... 69 2.13 Bayelsa State Water Board (BYSWB), Yenagoa .................................................................. 70 2.13.1 Background and Management Structure ...................................................................... 70 2.13.2 Strategic functions ........................................................................................................... 71 2.13.3 Status of Water Schemes