Molecular data support establishment of a new genus for the lichenicolous species Neobarya usneae (Hypocreales) Author(s): James D. Lawrey, Javier Etayo, Manuela Dal-Forno, Kendra E. Driscoll, and Paul Diederich Source: The Bryologist, 118(1):83-92. Published By: The American Bryological and Lichenological Society, Inc. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1639/0007-2745-118.1.083 URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1639/0007-2745-118.1.083 BioOne (www.bioone.org) is a nonprofit, online aggregation of core research in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences. BioOne provides a sustainable online platform for over 170 journals and books published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/page/terms_of_use. Usage of BioOne content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non-commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. Molecular data support establishment of a new genus for the lichenicolous species Neobarya usneae (Hypocreales) James D. Lawrey1,6, Javier Etayo2, Manuela Dal-Forno3, Kendra E. Driscoll4 and Paul Diederich5 1 Department of Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030-4444, U.S.A.; 2 Navarro Villoslada 16, 3u dcha., E-31003 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; 3 Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030-4444, U.S.A.; 4 Botany & Mycology Section, New Brunswick Museum, 277 Douglas Ave., Saint John, NB, Canada E2K 1E5; 5 Muse´e national d’histoire naturelle, 25 rue Munster, L–2160 Luxembourg, Luxembourg ABSTRACT. Neobarya usneae Etayo is a relatively uncommon lichenicolous fungus that forms distinctive obpyriform ascomata on species of Usnea. The species is one of five known lichenicolous species in Neobarya, a genus established in the Clavicipitaceae that contains a variety of mycoparasitic species. The only molecular data for Neobarya species available in GenBank are for unidentified Neobarya species. We obtained sequences of ITS and nrLSU representing a culture and herbarium specimens of N. usneae from New Brunswick, Canada, and from a herbarium specimen of N. parasitica (Fuckel) Lowen, the type species of the genus, collected in Luxembourg, to determine the phylogenetic placement of these species. Our results indicate that N. usneae is not closely related to the type of Neobarya in the Clavicipitaceae, but is instead a member of the Hypocreaceae, the first lichenicolous species known for certain from this Hypocrealean family. Based on these results, we are now establishing a new genus, Lichenobarya, for N. usneae in the Hypocreaceae, and encouraging further study of other Neobarya species to establish their phylogenetic relationships, given the potential for genetic heterogeneity in the group. KEYWORDS. Ascomycetes, fungi, mycoparasitism, phylogenetics, nomenclature, taxonomy. ¤¤¤ The genus Neobarya Lowen was established in &Go´mez-Bolea on Peltigera and N. usneae Etayo on Eriksson & Hawksworth (1986) for fungi in the Usnea. The phylogeny of the genus has never been Clavicipitaceae characterized by production of soft, studied using molecular data, and superficial, light-colored sessile ascomata on a pseu- the placement of lichenicolous and mycoparasitic doparenchymatous stroma or in a subiculum, uni- species is therefore not known. The only data tunicate, cylindrical or narrowly clavate asci with an representing Neobarya in GenBank are two se- enlarged thickened apical cap penetrated by a pore, quences of unidentified species (EF160121: Neobarya and filiform ascospores, often flexuous, hyaline, sp. GJS 06-171; AY346293: Neobarya sp. Buck guttulate, or aseptate. A variety of different asexual 26786), neither of which represents the type species states are known (Candoussau et al. 2007). The N. parasitica (Fuckel) Lowen. genus as presently listed in Mycobank includes 13 Etayo (2002) named Neobarya usneae provision- species, and all are relatively host-specific parasites of ally in that genus because of some similarities with lichens and nonlichenized fungi. Five species are other lichenicolous species of Neobarya, such as the lichenicolous (Lawrey & Diederich 2003; http:// shape of perithecia, cylindrical asci, multiseptate, www.lichenicolous.net/): N. ciliaris Etayo on Hetero- filiform ascospores and wall reaction with I; dermia, N. darwiniana Etayo on Nephroma antarc- however, differences in ascus tip were also pointed ticum, N. lichenophila (Ferd. & Winge) Lowen & out. Later, Candoussau et al. (2007) noted these Samuels on Cladonia, N. peltigerae Lowen, Boqueras same differences and arrived at the conclusion that ‘‘this is not a species of Neobarya.’’ To test this 6 Corresponding author’s e-mail: [email protected] hypothesis, we used recently collected specimens of DOI: 10.1639/0007-2745-118.1.083 Neobarya usneae from maritime Canada, from which The Bryologist 118(1), pp. 083–092 Published online: April 27, 2015 0007-2745/15/$1.15/0 Copyright E2015 by The American Bryological and Lichenological Society, Inc. 84 The Bryologist 118(1): 2015 we obtained one culture and several sequences. Since objective of amplifying the internal transcribed our preliminary analyses indicated the sequences do spacer (ITS) and nuclear large subunit (nrLSU) not cluster in the Clavicipitaceae, we furthermore rDNA. The products were purified with magnetic studied fresh material of the type of Neobarya, N. beads (Agencourt Bioscience, Beverly, MA) and the parasitica, from which additional sequences were purified PCR products were used in standard obtained. Our analyses of these sequences indicated sequencing reactions with BigDye Terminator Ready that N. usneae is not closely related to N. parasitica Reaction Mix v3.1 (Applied Biosystems). The and therefore represents a new genus, the formal sequencing reactions were then purified using description of which is provided in this paper. Sephadex G-50 (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), dried in a speedvac, denatured in HiDi Formamide MATERIALS AND METHODS (Applied Biosystems) and run on an ABI3130-xl Specimens studied, anatomical methods and capillary sequencer (Applied Biosystems). The data isolation of cultures. Fresh specimens of Neobarya collected were analyzed using ABI software, and the usneae were collected in New Brunswick, Canada, sequences were then assembled together with the by one of us (KD) and by W. R. Buck. Since the software Sequencher version 5.0 (Gene Codes, Ann publication of its description, the species has also Arbor, MI) for manual corrections in base calling been collected from several countries in South and to make contiguous alignments of overlapping America, but no molecular data had been obtained fragments. The primers used were LR0R, LR3R, LR5, from them. A single collection of N. parasitica from LR7, LR16, ITS4 and ITS5 (http://www.biology. Luxembourg was provided by G. Marson. Herbar- duke.edu/fungi/mycolab/primers.htm) for nrLSU, ium specimens are deposited in NY, BR, LPB, NBM and and ITS1F, ITS2, ITS3, ITS4 and ITS5 (Gardes & in the private collections of P. Diederich and J. Bruns 1993; White et al, 1990) for ITS. Etayo. We obtained ITS sequences from two specimens Cultures could not be obtained for N. parasitica, of Neobarya usneae (Buck 61451 and Driscoll 1037) but a single culture representing Neobarya usneae and a culture of Buck 61451 (CBS 137512), and was obtained from herbarium material (Buck 61451) nrLSU from the culture and one specimen (Buck following methods of Lawrey (2002). Ascomata 61451). For N. parasitica, G. Marson obtained were washed in 70% ethanol, dried on a glass slide a single combined ITS+nrLSU using the primers and crushed in sterile water. Ascospores and ITS1-F and 5.8SR (forward); LR5 and LR1 (reverse). ascomatal tissues were then collected in water and Phylogenetic analysis. In addition to our newly plated onto potato dextrose agar (PDA) or malt generated sequences and two sequences of Neobarya extract agar (ME, Difco, Detroit, Michigan, USA). specimens available in GenBank (AY346293 repre- Germination of ascospores, or emergence of hyphae senting Neobarya sp. Buck 26786 and EF160121 from ascomatal tissues, was observed within days, representing Neobarya sp. GJS 06-171), we included and mycelial outgrowths were isolated after two a broad range of taxa representing families within weeks for liquid culture in ME. A sample was sent to Hypocreales (Castlebury et al. 2004; Huhndorf et al. the Fungal and Yeast Collection, Centraalbureau 2004; Johnson et al. 2009; Schoch et al. 2012; voor Schimmelcultures and is accessioned as CBS Spatafora et al. 2006; Zhang et al. 2006), and 137512. Approximately 2 mg dry mycelial mass was especially within the Clavicipitaceae (Kepler 2010; harvested from liquid cultures after two weeks and Sung et al. 2007a,b) to establish the phylogenetic extracted for DNA analysis. position of the genus Neobarya represented by the Molecular data. Genomic DNA was extracted type N. parasitica, and the position of N. usneae. The from either a 0.5 cm2 piece of ascomatal tissue or final data set (Table 1) contained 46 species,