THE IMPACT OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE ON TANGKHUL LITERACY A THESIS SUBMITTED TO TILAK MAHARASHTRA VIDYAPEETH, PUNE FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (Ph.D.) IN ENGLISH BY ROBERT SHIMRAY UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF Dr. GAUTAMI PAWAR UNDER THE BOARD OF ARTS & FINEARTS STUDIES MARCH, 2016 DECLARATION I hereby declare that the thesis entitled “The Impact of English Language on Tangkhul Literacy” completed by me has not previously been formed as the basis for the award of any Degree or other similar title upon me of this or any other Vidyapeeth or examining body. Place: Robert Shimray Date: (Research Student) I CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the thesis entitled “The Impact of English Language on Tangkhul Literacy” which is being submitted herewith for the award of the degree of Vidyavachaspati (Ph.D.) in English of Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth, Pune is the result of original research work completed by Robert Shimray under my supervision and guidance. To the best of my knowledge and belief the work incorporated in this thesis has not formed the basis for the award of any Degree or similar title or any University or examining body upon him. Place: Dr. Gautami Pawar Date: (Research Guide) II ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all, having answered my prayer, I would like to thank the Almighty God for the privilege and opportunity of enlightening me to do this research work to its completion and accomplishment. Having chosen Rev. William Pettigrew to be His vessel as an ambassador to foreign land, especially to the Tangkhul Naga community, bringing the enlightenment of the ever lasting gospel of love and salvation to mankind, today, though he no longer dwells amongst us, yet his true immortal spirit of love and sacrifice linger. Having passed on the torch, I am indeed very much humbled, as convicted to be one of the torch bearers in expounding and furthering the knowledge of the pioneer’s true spirit of love and sacrifice which will inturn bring more of conviction among the people to a greater light through this humble research work. I am grateful to Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth, Pune, for the opportunity in the persuance of my Degree Course, especially under Dr. Shripad Bhat, H.O.D. of Arts and Fine Arts, for the moral support and assistance in all the courses of my research work. I also sincerely would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my guide, Dr. Gautami Pawar, for without whom this research work would have remained incomplete. Through and through she had been very supportive. Never once did I feel reluctant in approaching her for any kind of help, and in return never once did she refuse nor turn me down. She is to me a friend, mother and guide. Thank you very much ma’am. III How could I ever forget to thank Dr. Manik Kadam (husband of my guide) for his untiring moral as well as practical support in my research work to completion? It’s beyond words that I can express to say how thankful and indebted I am to him, for all his invaluable inputs of qualitative information as I have incorporated in my thesis. To me, he is a spiritual father and guide. I wish to thank Mr. A.S. Varekan (Exam Controller, Spicer Adventist University, Pune), for willingly and readily availing me most of the resource materials in my writng of this thesis. I am indebted to my cousin brother Ramchanso Shimray (Lecturer, English Dept., Spicer Adventist University), for his untiring support and help in terms of information collections. I must make a mention of my brother-in-law Mr. Shangam Zimik for his being so supportive. Today I could be successful because of his encouraging word ‘You’re already there as qualified. It’s just a matter of time’. Also, along with him, I owe my thankfulness to my brother-in-law Mashungmi Riphung for all the troubles he had taken in running up and down in gathering and sending the information as when required. My gratitude goes to my prayerful parents, who not being well educated, yet had longed his son attain such a degree. It’s all because of their challenge placed before me that I get such a degree, for which I could be one today. IV My special thankfulness goes to my brother Joshua Shimray and sister-in-law Melida Shimray for their moral and financial support throughout my research studies. I am thankful to my son Wungnaoshon Shimray for all the help in typing and computerizing my thesis paper, bring to completion and success. My thankfulness also goes to my son Rarmung Shimray and my daughter Peimi Shimray for their supportive manner morally as well as practically, especially in times of discussions through out my preparation. I am thankful to my wife Awon Shimray for her patient understanding which I received in ample measure, and also for shouldering all the responsibility to the extent of meeting financial requirements. Lastly, if I happen to miss out any individuals, worthy of thanks and praise, I deeply regret to have them missed out, for which my heart felt sincere apology goes to them. Thank you. Robert Shimray (Researcher) V TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Title P. No. Chapter1 Introduction 1-61 1.1. Introduction 1.2. Literature review 1.3. Highlight of Research Paper 1.4. Concept and Terminilogies 1.5. Justification/Reason for Selecting the Topic 1.6. Relevance to Current World Scenario 1.7.Scope and Importance for Society/State/Country 1.8. Objectives and Hypothesis 19. People and Settlement 1.10.Social Life 1.10.1. Wrong Attribution 1.10.2. Family 1.10.3. Village 1.10.4. Longshim (Youth Dormitory) 1.10.5. Festivals 1.10.6. Dress and Ornaments 1.11. Economic Life 1.12. The Outcome Chapter 2 Language a Binding Force 62- 115 VI 2.1. Introduction 2.2. Data Collection 2.3. Research Gaps 2.4. Research Question 2.5. Similar Study in Other Countries and the Advantages and Limitations drawn 2.6. National and International Level 2.7. Purpose of the Study 2.8. In the Light of Objective and Hypothesis 2.9. What is Language? 2.10. Process of Acquiring Language 2.11. Language and Society 2.12. The Standard 2.13. Bilingualism 2.14. Relationship Between Language and Literature 2.15. Function of Language in Literature 2.16. The Importance of Language in Literature 2.17. The Power of Language 2.18. Characteristics of the Power of Language 2.18.1. Creates Society 2.18.2. Social Identity 2.18.3. Globalization 2.18.4. Social Change Chapter 3 An Introduction to Christianity 116-184 VII 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Analysis 3.2.1. Socio- Historical Background of teaching on literacy 3.2.2. Impact of Teaching English to Tangkhul Literacy 3.3. Methods and Techniques of Teaching 3.4. The Evolution of Teaching Methodologies and Advantages and Limitations 3.5. Religion 3.6. Religion of the People Prior to the Introduction of Christianity 3.7. Concept of Religion 3.8. Various Beliefs and Practices 3.8.1. Belief in Spirit 3.8.2. Black Magic 3.8.3. Superstition 3.8.4. Necromancy 3.8.5. Possessed of Evil Spirit 3.8.6. Lycantrophy 3.9. Christianity 3.10. William Pettigrew: A Forerunner 3.11. Mission in Progress 3.12. Strategies 3.12.1. Gramaphone Service 3.12.2. Magic Lantern Service VIII 3.12.3. Meeting People’s Domestic Needs 3.12.4. Medical Assistance 3.12.5. Bible Picture Roll Program 3.13. Girls Education 3.14. Why Education? 3.15. Importance of Education 3.16. The Need of Literacy in Propagating Christianity 3.17. Challenges Faced by W. Pettigrew in Educating the People 3.18. His Achievements For the Cause Chapter 4 Rise of the Intellectuals 185-283 4.1. Concept of Education in the Past 4.2. Findings and Interpretation 4.2.1. Findings 4.2.2. Interpretation 4.3. Role of Missionary 4.4. Missionary in Tangkhul Country 4.5. Conflicts Between Missionaries and Natives 4.6. Maturing Into Christianity 4.7. Foundation of Education 4.8. Impact of Education 4.9. British and Missionary Views and Ideas on Natives’ Education IX 4.9.1. The Missionary View 4.9.2. The British View 4.10. School Statistical Report 4.11. Prominient Intellectuals’ Profile 4.12. Comparison between the Tangkhuls and the rest of the Naga communities of Manipur 4.13. Reflection Chapter 5 Contribution of English Language to the Building up of Nation & People 284-331 5.1. Suggestions and Recommendations 5.2. Contribution of English Language to the World 5.3. Why Only English? 5.3.1. It’s a Lingua Franca 5.3.2. It’s a Language for the Political World 5.3.3. It’s a Language of Commerce 5.3.4. It’s a Language for the Mass Media 5.3.5. It’s an Educational Language 5.4. The Awakening 5.5. Factors Enhancing Changes 5.6. Transformation 5.7. Contribution to Health and Living 5.8. The Advantage of Adopting English as an Official X Language Chapter 6 Conclusion 332-352 6.1. The Tangible and Intangible Impact 6.2. Overall Impact of Teaching English to Tangkhul Literacy 6.3. Responsibility and Challenges 6.4. Model of English Language Teaching For Best Result 6.5. Conclusion XI List of Tables Sl. No. Page 1. School Statistical Report (all management)……………………………….230 2. Supplement, Dept. of Education…………………………………………..231 3. Supplement, Pvt. Aided……………………………………………………232 4. Supplement, Tribal Welfare………………………………………………..233 5. Supplement, Pvt Unaided………………………………………………….233 6.