Counter Terrorist Trends and Analysis www.rsis.edu.sg Volume 7, Issue 1 | January/ February 2015 A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR POLITICAL VIOLENCE AND TERRORISM RESEARCH Annual Threat Assessment GLOBAL THREAT FORECAST By Professor Rohan Gunaratna SOUTHEAST ASIA Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand and Singapore SOUTH ASIA Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka CENTRAL AND EAST ASIA Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and China MIDDLE EAST Iraq, Israel-Palestine, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Yemen and Qatar AFRICA Egypt, Libya, Nigeria and Somalia SOUTH AMERICA Colombia Counter Terrorist Trends and Analysis Volume 7, Issue 1 | January/ February 2015 1 Building a Global Network for Security Executive Summary Annual Threat Assessment 2014 e are happy to publish Volume 7, Issue 1 (January/ February 2015) of the Counter Terrorist Trends and Analysis (CTTA) by the International Centre for Political Violence and Terrorism Research at the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. W From a terrorism and counterterrorism perspective, the year 2014 was particularly significant. This was due as much to the potential impact of drawdown of US and International Security Assistance Forces (ISAF) from Afghanistan as to the declaration W of the establishment of a so-called Islamic Caliphate by the Islamic State of Iraq and Greater Syria (ISIS). While the former has emboldened old and established groups like Al Qaeda Central, the Afghan Taliban, the Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan and the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan, among others, the claim of the establishment of the “so called Islamic State” by ISIS seem to have galvanized disparate elements within the Muslim world, drawing fighters in thousands to Iraq and Syria and spurring radicalization and extremism in many countries in an unprecedented scale. Southeast Asia Even if there were no major attacks, the countries in Southeast Asia had to deal with the impact of ISIS. This was most evident in Indonesia and Malaysia with a number of citizens of respective countries found to be involved with ISIS – either joining the fight in Iraq or Syria or indulging in recruitment for the same or both. At the same time regional groups, especially in Indonesia, continue to target the “near enemy” – the government establishment and its security apparatus and personnel. In the Philippines, even as Manila proceeds to finalize the negotiated settlement with the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF), it had to deal with other armed groups in the country such as the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF), the Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) and the Communists. Thailand continues to grapple with a fragile political process that has relegated Bangkok’s dealing with the Southern Thai militancy to the background. Finally, while Myanmar has been striding along on the routes to democratization, it is still grappling with myriad ethnic armed groups, not the least of which has been the Rohingiyas. South Asia Afghanistan underwent a smooth democratic transition in terms of its presidency and government. However, with rising levels of violence by the Taliban and no sign of a negotiated settlement between the warring parties, Afghanistan’s future has become more uncertain which portends significant challenges for the country, the region and the international community at large. In Bangladesh, old groups continue to present threats, whilst new outfits like Al Qaeda in the Indian Subcontinent (AQIS) are also targeting the country. AQIS also has India in its sights, despite an overall decline in terrorist activity. The threat in India is further heightened with the growing influence of ISIS in the country and the spread of left-wing militancy. Pakistan continues to reel under its home-grown terrorist threat, the most significant being the massive attack on a school in Peshawar in December 2014, perpetrated by the Pakistan Taliban. In Sri Lanka, the revival of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Elam (LTTE), with challenges from Islamist and Sinhalese extremist groups have become an emerging concern. Central and East Asia Countries in Central Asia - Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan - have two main concerns. The first is the drawdown of the US-led international forces from Afghanistan, and the second is the increasing number of Central Asians travelling to Syria and Iraq to fight along with the ISIS and other jihadist groups. At the same time, the violence in Xinjiang and other parts of China and the presence of Uighur militants in the Middle East and in Southeast Asia raised new concerns about the terrorist threat and Beijing’s response to the same. Counter Terrorist Trends and Analysis Volume 7, Issue 1 | January/ February 2015 2 Middle East In 2014, events in the Middle East were completely dominated by the rise of ISIS which brought the involvement of the US and the countries in Europe and most importantly some of the Muslim countries in the region to the forefront. Despite significant losses in terms of territory, personnel and financing, ISIS threat is still not out. At the same time the Israeli-Palestinian conflict continues to be a major determinant of Middle East stability, as before. The resignation of the Yemeni President, the death of the Saudi King and the growing instability in Libya and Syria portend significant challenges for the region’s security in months ahead. Africa Egypt’s challenges stemmed from frequent attacks on civilians and security forces by non-state armed groups galvanized by political instability. The outlook for Libya remains bleak with diverse militias – onceW instrumental for the removal of Muammar Gadaffi - themselves becoming country’s greatest security concern. While Nigeria reeled under Boko Haram threats, Somalia was hammered with attacks by al-Shabaab, despite the killing of its leader Ahmed Abdi Godane in September 2014. South America In 2014, Colombia experienced a continuation of attacks from the insurgent groups and the country’s right-wing armed criminal groups, Bandas Criminales. Peace talks also continued with the Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC) despite skepticism about its successful outcome. Looking Ahead From a counterterrorism perspective, the response, either by concerned countries or collectively by the international community, remains deficient and often counterproductive as before. While many countries affected by the renewed violence lack capability, the support to these countries by the international community, especially by the US, has unfortunately been ambivalent. This is further complicated by the debate about the nature of the threat, especially from ISIS and Al Qaeda that respective counties confront and the issue of commitment of resources by countries like the US due to domestic constraints Counter Terrorist Trends and Analysis is the journal of the Interna- Editor Arabinda Acharya, PhD tional Centre for Political Violence and Terrorism Research (ICPVTR) of Associate Editor Iromi Dharmawardhane the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies (RSIS) at the Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore. Assistant Editors Anton Chan, Stefanie Kam The CTTA has a circulation of more than 11,000 subscribers. Design and Layout Okkie Tanupradja Counter Terrorist Trends and Analysis Volume 7, Issue 1 | January/ February 2015 The views expressed in the articles are those of the authors and not of ICPVTR, RSIS, NTU or the organisations to which the authors are affiliated. Articles may not be reproduced without prior permission.3 Please contact the editors for more information at [email protected]. The editorial team also welcomes any feedback or comments. Submissions and Subscriptions Counter Terrorist Trends and Analysis aunched in 2009, Counter Terrorist Trends and Analysis (CTTA) is the journal of the International Centre for Political Violence and Terrorism Research (ICPVTR). Each issue of the journal carries articles with in-depth L analysis of topical issues on terrorism and counterterrorism, broadly structured around a common theme. CTTA brings perspectives from CT researchers and practitioners with a view to produce policy relevant analysis. CALL FOR CONTRIBUTIONS Counter Terrorist Trends and Analysis (CTTA) welcomes contributions from researchers and practitioners in political violence and terrorism, security and other related fields. For more information please visit www.rsis.edu.sg/research/icpvtr/ctta, or to pitch an idea for a particular issue in 2015, please write to us at [email protected]. For inclusion in the CTTA mailing list, please send your full name, organisation and designation with the subject ‘CTTA Subscription’ to [email protected]. Counter Terrorist Trends and Analysis Volume 7, Issue 1 | January/ February 2015 4 Global Threat Assessment New Threats on the Horizon? Rohan Gunaratna A series of developments - some new but mostly the legacy of more than a decade of terrorism and extremism and the fight against the same - warrants a re-write of the nature of the threat that the world faces today. These developments include the withdrawal of US-led coalition forces from Iraq in 2011 and drawdown from Afghanistan in 2014, the Arab Spring fallout in the Middle East, and the flow of fighters in thousands from all over the world to Iraq and Syria, among others. At the heart of these developments are the declaration of the establishment of a so-called Islamic Caliphate by the Islamic State of Iraq and Greater