TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION PAGE SECTION PAGE Introduction 1 ROADSIDE WEED AND BRUSH 135 Safe Use Of Pesticides 1 Pesticide Certification 2 FIELD CROPS Collection, Packaging And Mailing Insect, Alfalfa Plant Disease And Weed Specimens For Insect 149 Identification and Diagnosis 7 Weed 153 Contributors To The Handbook 9 Canola Pesticide Safety Tips 12 Insect 159 Pesticide Information Directory 14 Weed 163 Reentry Times 16 Corn Toxicity Of Pesticides 17 Insect 167 Mode of Action Tables 46 Weed 181 Pesticide Compatibility 58 Cotton Tank Mixes Of Pesticides 58 Insect 207 Misuse Of Pesticides 59 Weed 217 Pesticide Toxicity To Bees 59 Growth Regulators 224 Harvest Aids 225 EQUIPMENT AND APPLICATION Pasture And Range Selection, Operation, Adjustment & Care Insect 227 Of Spray Equipment Weed 231 Preparation Of Spray Equipment 61 Brush 239 Sprayer Maintenance And Cleaning 64 Peanuts Calibrating A Low Pressure Sprayer 69 Insect 245 Ground Sprayer Calibration Process 71 Weed 249 Calibration Of Fertilizer Distributors Disease 255 & Granular Applicators 73 Nematode 257 Calculation Of Spray Percentage 73 Foliar 258 Pesticide Dilution Charts 74 Soilborne 261 Reducing Drift 75 Small Grains Measurements 78 Insect 263 Abbreviations 84 Weed 271 Chemigation 84 Disease 283 Stored Grains ANIMALS Insect 291 Fly Control Around Farm Premises 89 Sorghum Beef Cattle And Nonlactating Dairy Cattle – Insects 93 Insect 295 Dairy Cattle – Insects 101 Weed 303 Horse – Insects 103 Soybeans Sheep And Goats – Insects 104 Insect 313 Swine – Insects 106 Weed 317 Poultry – Insects 108 Disease 333 Vetch AQUATIC PLANT CONTROL 111 Insect 341 TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION PAGE FRUIT AND NUTS Home Fruit Spray 343 Commercial Apple - Insect & Disease 355 Commercial Pear - Insect & Disease 359 Commercial Peach, Nectarine – Insect & Disease 361 Commercial Grapes - Insect & Disease 367 Commercial Blackberries - Insect & Disease 375 Commercial Strawberry - Insect & Disease 376 Commercial Blueberries - Insect & Disease 377 Commercial Pecan - Insect & Disease 383 Small Fruits – Weed (strawberries, blackberries, 389 raspberries, blueberries and grapes) Tree Fruit and Nut Crops – Weed (apples, peaches, 397 pecans and grapes) HOUSEHOLD PEST CONTROL 399 ORNAMENTALS Trees, Flowers And Shrubs - Insect 409 Trees, Shrubs, Vines And Flowers - Disease 415 Commercial Ornamental & Christmas Tree Insect 487 Christmas Trees - Weeds 501 Turfgrass Insect 505 Weed 515 Disease 527 Greenhouse Insect 543 Disease 553 Vegetables Home Garden Insect 565 Commercial Insect 569 Weed 575 Disease 589 Nematodes 613 THE 2008 OSU EXTENSION AGENTS’ HANDBOOK OF INSECT, PLANT DISEASE, AND WEED CONTROL Prepared by Cooperative Extension Service Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources Oklahoma State University Stillwater, Oklahoma January, 2008 The OSU Extension Agents’ Handbook of Insect, Plant Disease and Weed Control is revised and published annually to provide extension, research, and other professional workers, dealers, applicators, distributors, formulators, and manufacturers the most up-to-date information available on the selection, application, and safe and proper use of agricultural chemicals. Information, in addition to that given here, on the control of insects, plant diseases, and weeds with chemicals as well as by other methods is available in Fact Sheets and other bulletins and circulars which are published by the Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources of Oklahoma State University. Suggested uses of specific pesticides are based on information on the manufacturer’s label and performance of a limited number of experimental trials. Because environmental conditions and methods of application by growers may vary widely, suggested use does not imply that performance of the chemical will always conform to the safety and pest control standards indicated by experimental data. Rates of application and waiting periods (the interval from application to time of harvest) are based upon a tolerance for residues of the chemical established by the Environmental Protection Agency. Applying chemicals in excess of the suggested dosage or shortening the waiting period from application to harvest may result in residues on the crop in excess of the tolerance and is illegal according to federal and state pesticide regulations. The information given herein is for educational purposes only. Reference to commercial products or trade names is made with the understanding that no discrimination is intended and no endorsement by the Cooperative Extension Service is implied. The pesticide information presented in this publication was current with federal and state regulations at the time of printing. The user is responsible for determining that the intended use is consistent with the label of the product being used. Use pesticides safely. Read and follow label directions. Copies of the Extension Agents’ Handbook may be ordered at a cost of $30.00 from University Mailing Services, Publishing and Printing East, OSU, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078. Make payment to the OSU Cooperative Extension Service. SAFE USE OF PESTICIDES Safe use of pesticides is more important than ever. There is increasing public concern over pesticides and their use. Pesticide applicators are facing increased legal pressure. Personal safety and the safety of others associated with pesticide use is a major issue. Environmental issues such as ground water contamination by pesticides, endangered species, and waste pesticide disposal are receiving major attention. Pesticide applicators must be familiar with these issues and with the laws and regulations controlling pesticide use to be able to safely and legally use pesticides today. The following information provides important information on pesticide laws, safe use of pesticides, pesticide waste and container disposal and poison control information. OKLAHOMA PESTICIDE LAW Pesticide Registration The Oklahoma Pesticide Law requires the registration of all pesticides distributed, sold or offered for sale within the state. Each pesticide product must be registered annually with the Plant Industry and Consumer Services Division of the Oklahoma Department of Agriculture, Food & Forestry. This law also provides for the sampling and chemical analysis of pesticides distributed, sold or offered for sale in the state. Under the Pesticide Law it is also unlawful to distribute, sell or use any registered pesticide in a manner inconsistent with its labeling. The ODAFF maintains a web site for listing products registered for sale within the state. The address is: http://kellysolutions.com/ok/. 1 PESTICIDE CERTIFICATION Oklahoma Pesticide Applicator’s Law The Oklahoma Combined Pesticide Law & Rules provides for the regulation of the use and application of pesticides in Oklahoma. It is enforced by the Plant Industry and Consumer Services Division of Oklahoma Department of Agriculture, Food & Forestry. Classification of Pesticides The Environmental Protection Agency is directed by federal law to classify all pesticides for either “general use” or “restricted use.” Pesticides classified for general use may be purchased by the general public and applied according to the label directions. Pesticides classified for restricted use may be purchased and applied only by certified applicators or individuals working under the direct supervision of a certified applicator. A pesticide product is considered to be a restricted use product when its label contains the following statement: Restricted Use Pesticide For retail sale to and use only by certified applicators or persons under their direct supervision and only for those uses covered by the certified applicator’s certification. Classes and Categories of Certified Applicators Private Applicator - This class includes any person who uses or supervises the use of any restricted pesticide for purposes of producing any agricultural commodity on property owned or rented by the person or his employer or, if applied without compensation other than trading of personal services between producers or agricultural commodities, on the property of another person. Private applicators are farmers, ranchers, growers, etc. Private applicators must be certified in Category 7c- Fumigation to be able to purchase and/or use any fumigant in Oklahoma. Commercial Applicator - This class includes any person who engages in the commercial application of pesticides. Commercial application means the advertising of services, recommendation for use, the preparation for application and physical act of application of a pesticide for hire or compensation. Noncommercial Applicator - This class includes any person, other than a commercial or private applicator, who uses or supervises the use of a restricted use pesticide under the supervision of a person who owns or manages the property. Noncommercial applicator also means government employees in the discharge of official duties. Noncommercial applicators are certified to use restricted use pesticides in the same manner as required for commercial applicators. Service Technicians - This class includes any person who works for a commercial or noncommercial applicator and applies pesticides as long as the person is not the certified applicator. Simply put, this is the person “at the end of the gun.” Categories of Commercial and Noncommercial Applicators (1a) Agricultural Plant Pest Control - This category includes applicators using or supervising the application of pesticides to agricultural crops, agricultural grassland, and noncrop agricultural