A Technical Guide for Forest C-L Nursery Management In

A Technical Guide for Forest C-L Nursery Management In

ia. United States {@i&j-\ pv;;;;;t of A Technical Guide for Forest C-l Forest Service Nursery Management in the Southern Forest Experiment Station New Orleans, Louisiana Leon H. Liegel and Charles R. Venator Ck&~~~l Technical Report An Institute of Tropical Forestry publication in cooperation with the University of kJeti0 RiCO 1 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors deeply appreciate the cooperation and personal assistance of numerous Forest Service colleagues who were involved in the development and completion of this guide. Also, special appreciation is extended to Dr. C. B. Davey, Forestry Department, North Carolina State University, and Mr. Donald Thompson, Senior Research Officer, United Kingdom Forestry Commission, for their efforts in reviewing the manuscript: and to Dr. M. Robbins Church, Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, OR, for making completion of the draft possible at that location. Finally, the authors gratefully acknowledge the contributions of those administrative and technical personnel of the following organizations who shared their knowledge of various nursery practices with the authors and allowed them to photograph ongoing nursery work: Compania National de Reforestation (CONARE), Estado Monagas, Chaguaramas, Venezuela-large-scale bare-root operations; Forest Industries Development Corporation (FIDCO), Kingston, Jamaica; and The Department of Forestry and Soil Conservation, Kingston, Jamaica-large-scale, labor-intensive container operations. This manual is the product of 20 years of nursery, plant physiology, and plantation research programs at the Institute of Tropical Fores- try, Southern Forest Experiment Station, ,Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico. The research was conducted in cooperation with the University of Puerto Rico. October 1987 CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................... 1.1 Purpose and Scope ...................................................... 1.2 Audience .............................................................. 1.3 Subject Arrangement ................................................... 1.4 Terminology ........................................................... 1.5 Source Materials ....................................................... 1.6 Physical Setting.. ...................................................... 1.7 Dedication ............................................................. LITERATURE CITED ........................................................ CHAPTER 2 2. REVIEW OF REGIONAL NURSERY PRACTICES .......................... 2.1 PuertoRico ............................................................ 2.1.1 Traditional Ap roaches ............................................. 2.1.2 Nursery ConsoPidation .............................................. 2.1.3 Nursery Centralization .............................................. 2.1.4 The CatalinaNursery.. ............................................. 2.15 The Experimental Nursery .......................................... 2.2 The Caribbean and Tropical Americas .................................... 9 2.2.1 Traditional Approaches .............................................. 9 2.2.2 Non-Traditional Approaches ......................................... LITERATURE CITED ........................................................ CHAPTER 3 3. NURSERY SITE SELECTION ............................................. 3.1 Climate and Environment 3.2 Location and Essential Facikies * : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 3.3 Soils and Topography ................................................... 3.3.1 Physical Conditions ................................................. 3.3.2 Chemical Conditions ................................................ ;$ Fi;terSupply .......................................................... 316 Labd;:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 3.7 Nursery Equipment and Tools ........................................... LITERATURECITED ........................................................ CHAPTER 4 4. DESIGN AND LAYOUT ................................................... 4.1 Production Areas ....................................................... 4.2 Administrative/Employee Areas ......................................... 4.3 Storage-Shipping-Receiving Areas ....................................... 4.4 Operational Areas.. .................................................... 4.5 Herbicide and Insecticide Storage ........................................ 4.6 Laboratory Facilities ................................................... 4.7 Utility Lines .... .._ .................................................... 4.8 Protection 4.8.1 Windbreaks’:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::~~::::::::::::::::::::: 4.8.2 Shade and Nursery Bed Orientation ................................. LITERATURE CITED ........................................................ CHAPTER 5 5. PRODUCTIONSCHEDULING.. ........................................... 5.1 General Principles ..................................................... 5.2 Some Specific Principles ................................................ i CONTENTS (Cant) 5.2.1 Overall Planning and Coordination .................................. 22 5.2.2 Disease ............................................................ 22 5.2.3 Seedling Growth Rates ........................ 5.3 ACaseExample ................................. ii LITERATURE CITED ........................................................ 24 CHAPTER 6 6. SEED PROCESSING AND STORAGE 24 6.1 FruitTypesandProcessingPractices’:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 24 6.2 Cones and Dry Fruits .................................... 6.2.1 InitialInspectionandHandling.. ..................... ::::::::::::::: :t 6.2.2 Air-Drying ........................................ 6.2.3 Kiln-Drying ....................................... 2 62.4 Solar Dryers 6.3 FleshyFruits ... :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::2 6.4 Moisture Content Considerations 6.5 Cleaningandstorage...........::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: : ;; LITERATURE CITED ........................................................ 28 CHAPTER 7 7. SEED TESTING ...................................................... 7.1 Sampling .......................................................... iii 7.2 Weight ................................................................ 30 7.3 Purity Analysis ........................................................ 30 7.4 Moisture Content 7.5 GerrninationPotential’:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ia 7.5.1 Germination Test Procedures ........................................ 32 7.5.2 Seedling Evaluation ........................ 7.6 OtherSpecialTests.. ........................... :::::::::::::::::::::::: 33; 7.6.1 SeedVigor ............................................ 7.6.2 IndirectIndicesofSeedVigor.. ......................... ::::::::::::: ;; LITERATURECITED ................................................. ...... 33 CHAPTER 8 8. SEED PRESOWING TREATMENTS ....................................... 34 8.1 Breaking Seedcoat Dormancy ........................................... 34 8.1.1 Acid Scarification ................................................... 34 8.1.2 Water Soaking 8.2 MechanicalScarification’:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ii 8.3 StratificationMethods .................................................. 35 8.3.1 Cold Stratification 8.3.2 ChemicalAlternati;es’:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: it LITERATURE CITED ........................................................ 37 CHAPTER 9 9. TRADITIONAL SEEDBED PREPARATION AND SOWING ................. 37 9.1 Container Systems ..................................................... 37 9.1.1 Selection Criteria ................................................... 37 9.1.1.1 Advantages and Disadvantages .................................. 37 9.1.1.2 Shape/Volume Considerations .................................... 38 9.1.2 Selecting and Preparing Pot Media .................................. 38 9.1.3 Filling Pots ........................................................ 38 9.1.4 Direct-Seeding Method .............................................. 38 9.1.5 Transplant Method ................................................. 39 9.1.5.1 Germination Media 9.1.5.la Sand/Soil.. ..... i: 9.1.5.lb RiceHulls ................................................... 39 ii CONTENTS (Cant) 9.1.5.lc Vermiculite .................................................. 9.1.5.ld Tissue Paper ................................................ 9.1.5.2 Sowing and Germinating ........................................ 9.2 Bare-Root Systems 9.2.1 Selectioncriteria’::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::””””: 9.2.1.1 Advantages and Disadvantages ......................... : : : : : : : : . 9.2.2 Bed Orientation .................................................... 9.2.3 Fallows 9.2.4 Cultivatibn’::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 9.2.5 Sowing .............................................. 9.2.6 Mulching ........................................... LITERATURE CITED ........................................................ 45 CHAPTER 10 10. TRADITIONAL EARLY TENDING OF SEEDBEDS AND CONTAINERS .... 10.1 Container Systems .................................. 10.1.1 Transplanting ................................... ::: .... 10.1.1.1 Timing.. ................................................. 10.1.1.2 Procedures 10.1.2 Resowing ..... 10.1.3 Watering ........................................................

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