THE ROUTLEDGE HANDBOOK OF DEVELOPMENTS IN DIGITAL JOURNALISM STUDIES The Routledge Handbook of Developments in Digital Journalism Studies offers a unique and authoritative collection of essays that report on and address the significant issues and focal debates shaping the innovative field of digital journalism studies. In the short time this field has grown, aspects of journalism have moved from the digital niche to the digital mainstay, and digital innovations have been ‘normalized’ into everyday journalistic practice. These cycles of disruption and normalization support this book’s central claim that we are witnessing the emergence of digital journalism studies as a discrete academic field. Essays bring together the research and reflections of internationally distinguished academics, journalists, teachers, and researchers to help make sense of a reconceptualized journalism and its effects on journalism’s products, processes, resources, and the relationship between journalists and their audiences. The handbook also discusses the complexities and challenges in studying digital journalism and shines light on previously unexplored areas of inquiry such as aspects of digital resistance, protest, and minority voices. The Routledge Handbook of Developments in Digital Journalism Studies is a carefully curated overview of the range of diverse but interrelated original research that is helping to define this emerging discipline. It will be of particular interest to undergraduate and postgraduate students studying digital, online, computational, and multimedia journalism. Scott A. Eldridge II is an assistant professor at the University of Groningen, the Netherlands. He is the author of Online Journalism from the Periphery: Interloper Media and the Journalistic Field (2018), an associate editor of Digital Journalism , and co-editor with Bob Franklin of The Routledge Companion to Digital Journalism Studies (2017). Bob Franklin held the foundation Chair in Journalism Studies at Cardiff University from 2005–2018, is founding editor of the journals Digital Journalism , Journalism Practice , and Journalism Studies , and edits the new book series Disruptions: Studies in Digital Journalism . Recent publications include The Future of Journalism: In an Age of Digital Media and Economic Uncertainty (2016). THE ROUTLEDGE HANDBOOK OF DEVELOPMENTS IN DIGITAL JOURNALISM STUDIES Edited by Scott A. Eldridge II and Bob Franklin First published 2019 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2019 selection and editorial matter, Scott A. Eldridge II and Bob Franklin; individual chapters, the contributors The right of Scott A. Eldridge II and Bob Franklin to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been requested ISBN: 978-1-138-28305-3 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-27044-9 (ebk) Typeset in Bembo by Apex CoVantage, LLC CONTENTS List of figures x List of tables xii List of contributors xiii Acknowledgments xxi Introduction: introducing the complexities of developments in Digital Journalism Studies 1 Scott A. Eldridge II and Bob Franklin PART I The digital journalist: making news 13 1 Law defining journalists: who’s who in the age of digital media? 15 Jane Johnston and Anne Wallace 2 Studying role conceptions in the digital age: a critical appraisal 28 Folker Hanusch and Sandra Banjac 3 Who am I? Perceptions of digital journalists’ professional identity 40 Tim P. Vos and Patrick Ferrucci 4 The death of the author , the rise of the robo-journalist: authorship, bylines, and full disclosure in automated journalism 53 Tal Montal and Zvi Reich 5 The entrepreneurial journalist 64 Tamara Witschge and Frank Harbers v Contents PART II Digital Journalism Studies: research design 77 6 Content analysis of Twitter: big data, big studies 79 Cornelia Brantner and Jürgen Pfeffer 7 Innovation in content analysis: freezing the flow of liquid news 93 Rodrigo Zamith 8 An approach to assessing the robustness of local news provision 105 Philip M. Napoli, Matthew Weber, and Kathleen McCollough 9 Reconstructing the dynamics of the digital news ecosystem: a case study on news diffusion processes 118 Elisabeth Günther, Florian Buhl, and Thorsten Quandt 10 Testing the myth of enclaves: a discussion of research designs for assessing algorithmic curation 132 Jacob Ørmen 11 Digital news users . and how to find them: theoretical and methodological innovations in news use studies 143 Ike Picone PART III The political economy of digital journalism 155 12 What if the future is not all digital? trends in U.S. newspapers’ multiplatform readership 157 Hsiang Iris Chyi and Ori Tenenboim 13 On digital distribution’s failure to solve newspapers’ existential crisis: symptoms, causes, consequences, and remedies 172 Neil Thurman, Robert G. Picard, Merja Myllylahti, and Arne H. Krumsvik 14 Precarious e-lancers: freelance journalists’ rights, contracts, labor organizing, and digital resistance 186 Errol Salamon 15 What can nonprofit journalists actually do for democracy? 198 Magda Konieczna and Elia Powers 16 Digital journalism and regulation: ownership and control 211 Victor Pickard vi Contents PART IV Developing digital journalism practice 223 17 Defining and mapping data journalism and computational journalism: a review of typologies and themes 225 Mark Coddington 18 Algorithms are a reporter’s new best friend: news automation and the case for augmented journalism 237 Carl-Gustav Linden 19 Disclose, decode, and demystify: an empirical guide to algorithmic transparency 251 Michael Koliska and Nicholas Diakopoulos 20 Visual network exploration for data journalists 265 Tommaso Venturini, Mathieu Jacomy, Liliana Bounegru, and Jonathan Gray 21 Data journalism as a platform: architecture, agents, protocols 284 Eddy Borges-Rey 22 Social media livestreaming 296 Claudette G. Artwick PART V Digital Journalism Studies: dialogue s 311 23 Ethical approaches to computational journalism 313 Konstantin Dörr 24 Who owns the news? The ‘right to be forgotten’ and journalists’ conflicting principles 324 Ivor Shapiro and Brian MacLeod Rogers 25 Defamation in unbounded spaces: journalism and social media 336 Diana Bossio and Vittoria Sacco 26 Hacks, hackers, and the expansive boundaries of journalism 348 Nikki Usher 27 Journalistic freedom and the surveillance of journalists post-Snowden 360 Paul Lashmar vii Contents PART VI Minority voices and protest: narratives of freedom and resistance 373 28 How and why pop-up news ecologies come into being 375 Melissa Wall 29 The movement and its mobile journalism: a phenomenology of Black Lives Matter journalist-activists 387 Allissa V. Richardson 30 Nature as knowledge: the politics of science, open data, and environmental media platforms 401 Inka Salovaara 31 Opting in and opting out of media 412 Bonnie Brennen 32 Silencing the female voice: the cyber abuse of women on the internet 425 Pamela Hill Nettleton PART VII Digital limits: new debates and challenges for the future 439 33 Social media and journalistic branding: explication, enactment, and impact 441 Avery E. Holton and Logan Molyneux 34 Reconsidering the intersection between digital journalism and games: sketching a critical perspective 450 Igor Vobič 35 Native advertising and the appropriation of journalistic clout 463 Raul Ferrer-Conill and Michael Karlsson 36 User comments in digital journalism: current research and future directions 475 Thomas B. Ksiazek and Nina Springer 37 Theorizing digital journalism: the limits of linearity and the rise of relationships 487 Jane B. Singer viii Contents 38 Outsourcing censorship and surveillance: the privatization of governance as an information control strategy in the case of Turkey 501 Aras Coskuntuncel Epilogue: situating journalism in the digital: a plea for studying news flows, users, and materiality 515 Marcel Broersma Index 527 ix FIGURES 6.1 Word clouds with top 100 words from news-related tweets and non-news-related tweets. 83 6.2 Network of top 20 word occurrences in news-related tweets and other tweets, as well as their 30 strongest connections in terms of co-occurrence within tweets 86 9.1 Stepwise procedure to identify relevant events and related online news reports 119 9.2 Curves of the digital diffusion processes of three exemplary events 125 9.3 Diffusion curves for 95 events as reported by German online news sites, grouped by dynamics-based cluster membership 126 9.4 Aggregated curves for three clusters of digital diffusion processes featuring similar dynamics, from a total of 95 diffusion processes among German online news sites 128 9.5 Dynamics of aggregated diffusion