PATH TO PROTEST: A HISTORICAL INVESTIGATION INTO THE EXPERIENCES AND INFLUNECES THAT LED TO DIETRICH BONHOEFFER PROTESTING THE A YRAN CLAUSE IN 1933 by Adam James McCulloch, Bachelor of Theology A thesis submitted to the -Fa-cuity or-IVIcMaster-Dlvlnity Colfege­ in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Christian Studies McMaster Divinity College, Hamilton, Ontario 2007 M. A. in Christian Studies McMASTER DIVINITY COLLEGE Hamilton, Ontario TITLE: Path to Protest: A Historical Investigation into the Experiences and Influences that Led to Dietrich Bonhoeffer Protesting the Aryan Clause in 1933 AUTHOR: Adam James McCulloch SUPERVISOR: Dr. Gordon Heath NUMBER OF PAGES: 151 1 McMASTER DIVINITY COLLEGE Upon the recommendation of an oral examination committee, this thesis-project by ADAM McCULLOCH is hereby accepted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Christian Studies First Rea""-t\4IW, Date: ~1 Hal c1 00 7 11 Path to Protest: A Historical Investigation into the Experiences and Influences that Led to Dietrich Bonhoeffer Protesting the Aryan Clause in 1933 Adam James McCulloch McMaster Divinity College M.A. in Christian Studies, 2007 Dietrich Bonhoeffer (1906-1945) was a German pastor and theologian involved with the Confessing church as part of the German church struggle in the 1930's. A central concern for Bonhoeffer was the Ayran clause that was introduced by the National Socialists and implemented by their supporters within the Protestant church. The Aryan clause was designed to remove anyone of Jewish heritage from the civil service, which affected the Protestant church since its pastors were paid by the state. Bonhoeffer rejected the Aryan clause due to the various influences and experiences leading up to 1933. These life experiences were rooted in Bonhoeffer's family life, his university years, his year in America, and in his vocational work in the years preceding the rise of National Socialism. These four epochs contain the key influenc~~~~ex~erience~!ha.1: ~mable~Bonhoeffer to _ resist the implementation of the Aryan clause within the German Protestant church in 1933. III Contents Chapters Introduction ............................................................................. 1 Thesis Question/Statement Literature Review Primary Sources Methodology Part 1: The Path to Protest 1. Family Life (1906-1923) ................................................ 9 The Horne of Karl and Paula Bonhoeffer Bonhoeffer Family was not Anti-Semitic Early Disapproval of Radical Political Groups Conclusion ~. Student-Y-ears-(t~23;;-192i):: :-: ...-.: .. ~-. :-.. :-.. ~............... ~ ..... : .. .. :E4 .. Fraternity and Military Experience The Roman Experience The Initial Influence of Karl Barth Bonhoeffer and the Old Testament Conclusion IV 3. America (1930-1931) ................................................... .41 America and Union Theological Seminary Introduction to Social Theology The Problem of Racism Jean Lasserre and Ecumenicism Conclusion 4. Vocational Experiences (1931-1932) ................................. 56 The Academic Realm Ministerial Endeavours Involvement in the Ecumenical Movement Conclusion Part 2: The Protest of the Aryan Clause in 1933 5. Protesting the Aryan Clause in 1933 .................................. 80 Early Months of 1933 Dietrich Bonhoeffer's Initial Protest of the Aryan Clause in April 1933 The Struggle against the German Christians in the Summer of 1933 The Struggle against the Aryan Clause in September 1933 Conclusion Conclusion ....................................................................... .130 Bibliography ..................................................................... 138 v 1 Dietrich Bonhoeffer (1906-1945) was a German pastor and theologian involved in the Confessing Church as part of the German church struggle and was later imprisoned and executed by the National Socialists for his involvement in an assassination plot against Adolf Hitler. A scion of an upper middle class German family, Bonhoeffer chose to leave the relative prosperity of his class and heritage to become a willing participant in the German Protestant church. Soon after his ordination, Bonhoeffer chose to protest the Aryan clause introduced by the National Socialists in 1933 that was designed to remove anyone of Jewish heritage fromthe civil service. This clause affected the church since pastors of the Protestant church were paid by the state. What enabled Bonhoeffer in 1933 to protest the implementation of the Aryan clause within the Protestant church in Germany? This thesis seeks to discover what influences and experiences occurred in Bonhoeffer's life that resulted in him clearly and decisively rejecting the Aryan clause and its implementation into the Protestant church in 1933. It is the goal of this thesis to show that Bonhoeffer rejected the Aryan clause due to the various life experiences provided through his family background, his university years, his timein America, and-his-v-ocational--effDrt~-in-th€l-final-y€lar-s-leaEling-up to-the-- -- National Socialists rise to power and their introduction of the Aryan clause in 1933. Literature Review Due to his death at the hands of the National Socialists in 1945, Bonhoeffer was not able to write an autobiography to explain his thought and actions. This is one of the reasons why Bonhoeffer studies are so broad and multifaceted and why the secondary sources are numerous. Initially, most of the scholarly work on Bonhoeffer surrounded his 2 unfinished theological and ethical concepts. l Interest in Bonhoeffer's theological and ethical work continues today,2 and more biographical and historical work has been attempted to root Bonhoeffer within his context. The leading contributor to contemporary studies is Eberhard Bethge, who was Bonhoeffer's friend and student, and in later years biographer and leading interpreter. Bethge's biography, entitled Dietrich Bonhoeffer: A Biography, combines both concentrated scholarship and investigation with personal knowledge and memories that make the work unique.3 Even other Bonhoeffer biographies, such as Renate Wind's A Spoke in the Wheel: The Life ofDietrich Bonhoeffer, Elizabeth Raum's Dietrich Bonhoeffer: Called by God and Mary Bosanquet's The Life and Death ofDietrich Bonhoeffer are reliant upon Bethge's monumental work.4 Similarly, this work will use Bethge's biography as the primary source of biographical information about Dietrich Bonhoeffer. Bonhoeffer's rejection of the Aryan clause is often used as a starting point for many scholars in discussing Bonhoeffer's relationship with the Jews, since the Aryan clause was mainly directed towards Jewish civil servants. Although the Aryan clause may _1>La common slarting pointforlhoselhatdiscuss-Bonhoe£fe~' s relatigusnip-tg the-Je-ws,- 1 See Martin E. Marty, ed., The Place ofBonhoeffer: Problems and Possibilites in his Thought (New York: Association Press, 1964); Eberhard Bethge, "Turning Points in Bonhoeffer's Life and Thought," Union Theological Quarterly Review 23,1 (1967): 141-155; Benjamin A. Reist, The Promise ofBonhoeffer (Phildelphia: J. P. Lippincott Co., 1969). 2 See See John W. De Gruchy, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Dietrich Bonhoeffer (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999); Eberhard Bethge, Friendship and Resistance: Essays on Dietrich Bonhoeffer (Geneva: WCC, 1995); Ricard V. Pierard, "The Historical Importance of Dietrich Bonhoeffer," Fides and Historia 29,2 (1997): 5-10; Richard Weikart, "Who is Dietrich Bonhoeffer For Us Today?" Fides and Historia 29,2 (1997): 12-25. 3 Eberhard Bethge, Dietrich Bonhoeffer: A Biography, revised edition, ed. Victoria J. Barnett (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2000). 4 Mary Bosanquet, The Life and Death ofDietrich Bonhoeffer (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1968); Elizabeth Raum, Dietrich Bonhoeffer: Called by God (New York: Continuum International Publishing Group Inc., 2002); Ronald Gregor Smith and Wolf-Dieter Zimmerman, eds., I Knew Dietrich Bonhoeffer, trans. Kathe Gregor Smith (New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1966); Renate Wi..qd, A Spoke in the Wheel: The Life ofDietrich Bonhoeffer, trans. John Bowden (London: SCM Press, 1991). 3 there is a wide range of opinion concerning the nature of that relationship. First, there are those that claim Bonhoeffer was not anti-Semitic.5 Second, there are those that view Bonhoeffer as not deliberately anti-Semitic, but his use of traditional Christian language shows some level oflatent anti-Semitism.6 Third, there are those that see Bonhoeffer not being able to overcome his Christian heritage and that he expressed anti-Semitic thought. 7 Although there are different views on how Bonhoeffer treated the Jews, those that have studied the topic do agree that in 1933 Bonhoeffer did reject the Aryan clause. This work will contribute to Bonhoeffer studies by focusing on Bonhoeffer's rejection of the Aryan clause as a result of various life experiences leading up to 1933. Primary Sources This thesis will rely heavily upon primary source material in order to bring to light the various life experiences that were instrumental in Dietrich Bonhoeffer rejecting the Aryan clause in 1933. In current Bonhoeffer scholarship the most important primary source material is Dietrich Bonhoeffer Works, which are the authoritative and heavily annotated version of Bonhoeffer's major works and other miscellaneous writings. 5 See Eberhard Bethge, "Dietrich Bonhoeffer and the Jews," in Ethical Responsibility: Bonhoeffer's Legacy