When citing an abstract from the 2017 annual meeting please use the format below. [Authors]. [Abstract Title]. Program No. XXX.XX. 2017 Neuroscience Meeting Planner. Washington, DC: Society for Neuroscience, 2017. Online. 2017 Copyright by the Society for Neuroscience all rights reserved. Permission to republish any abstract or part of any abstract in any form must be obtained in writing by SfN office prior to publication. Theme J Poster 021. History of Neuroscience Location: Halls A-C Time: Saturday, November 11, 2017, 1:00 PM - 5:00 PM Program#/Poster#: 021.01SA/VV14 Topic: J.01. History of Neuroscience Title: Neuroplasticity: Past, present and future Authors: *J. E. KOCH; Univ. WI Oshkosh, Oshkosh, WI Abstract: The concept and process of neuroplasticity and neuroplastic adaptations to differing environmental and sensory stimuli is accepted today as a fundamental capacity of the brain, however, the idea that the brain is a malleable integrated system is historically relatively recent. The focus of numerous 19th century scientists, including Gall, Flourens, Broca, and Sherrington resulted in a widespread belief among neuroscientists in both localization of function and the “fixed nature” of functional neuroanatomy. Further work by 20th century neuroscientists, such as Penfield’s brain mapping, solidified support for this approach. Challenges to this interpretation of the static nature of the brain started to appear around the middle of the 20th century, eventually resulting in a paradigm shift to the perspective that the brain is continually responsive and changing over the lifespan. This presentation covers the history of neuroscience’s change in perspective from “static to plastic” brains, describing pioneers and their research which resulted in the current level of knowledge and acceptance about neuroplasticity. The potential for therapeutic application of this knowledge is also explored, including recovery from stroke- related deficits, rewiring of sensory systems, and the unresolved question of the effectiveness of brain-training exercises linked to impacting the decline of specific cognitive capabilities in both clinical (i.e. Alzheimer’s and other dementia patients) and non-clinical (ageing) populations. Disclosures: J.E. Koch: None. Theme J Poster 021. History of Neuroscience Location: Halls A-C Time: Saturday, November 11, 2017, 1:00 PM - 5:00 PM Program#/Poster#: 021.02SA/VV15 Topic: J.01. History of Neuroscience Title: Circling back to Willis: Stress related neurovascular contributions to PTSD, Alzheimer’s, depression, and Lou Gehrig’s disease? Authors: *S. CURTIS; True North, LLC, Bloomington, IN Abstract: In 1664, Thomas Willis confirmed even earlier observations of a substantial innervation of cerebral blood vessels. Since then, it has been determined that this innervation includes autonomic components as well as adrenergic projections from the locus coeruleus, both of which, in man, extend to the smallest arterioles and contribute to vascular tone. This author (Curtis, 2016) has proposed that this innervation, found preferentially in frontal areas, contributes to stress induced constriction of prefrontal (PFC) arterioles which results in reduced blood flow and, with this, inadequate support for the surrounding neural tissue. In conditions of acute stress it was proposed that this vascular constriction combines with ascending noradrenergic LC inhibition to limit PFC activity and function. With chronic stress, it was proposed that this same combination of inadequate blood flow and NE inhibition: 1) leads to the reductions in PFC dendritic spines and synapses observed in PTSD, and 2) accounts for Amy Arnsten’s finding that Alpha-1 blockers reduce PTSD symptoms, i.e., prazosin reduces NE inhibition of PFC and also dilates PFC vasculature. It is now proposed that stress induced neurovascular constriction may similarly contribute to the reduced immune function in the brain hypothesized by Michal Schwartz and her colleagues as primary to the development of Alzheimer’s, depression, Lou Gehrig’s Disease, and a variety of cognitive impairments. These researchers have made a strong case for immune cells entering the brain through the choroid plexus (CP) to perform necessary tissue maintenance functions and that neurodegenerative diseases result from a failure of compromised CP to allow adequate numbers of immune cells to enter the brain. It has also been well established, however, that the CP is fully innervated by autonomic nerves which, in conditions of stress, constrict the CP vascular net and reduce its production of cerebrospinal fluid (Lindvall et.al., 1978) . It is proposed here that this stress- induced constriction of CP vasculature may also limit immune cell entry into the brain. Tests of these hypotheses and alternative treatment and prevention strategies are proposed. Disclosures: S. Curtis: None. Theme J Poster 021. History of Neuroscience Location: Halls A-C Time: Saturday, November 11, 2017, 1:00 PM - 5:00 PM Program#/Poster#: 021.03SA/VV16 Topic: J.01. History of Neuroscience Title: Novel perceptual effects and stimuli from classic art and music Authors: *E. L. ALTSCHULER1, D. L. ALTSCHULER2; 1Physical Med. and Rehabil., Metropolitan Hosp., New York, NY; 2Brooklyn Friends Sch., Brooklyn, NY Abstract: Neuroscience has benefitted greatly from advanced technologies such as high resolution fMRI, two-photon microscopy and genetic engineering techniques. However, given the complex, multivariable nature of neuroscience it remains useful to study historic sources including art to find new and useful perceptual effects and stimuli as we illustrate withe two examples: (1) Observation of the reflection of an arm (or leg) in a parasagittally placed plane mirror can help incite movement in the contralateral limb and be most helpful in treatment of phantom limb pain, hemiparesis following stroke and other neurologic and orthopaedic conditions (Ramachandran et al. 1995; Ramachandran & Altschuler 2009). A wonderful 1529 portrait of a man in armor by G. Solvado features the reflection of the sitter in a mirror to his left—an “anti-parasagittal” configuration. Inspired by this we set up two standing mirrors just acute to perpendicular of each other and stood offset to the left of the front facing mirror such that when one ab/adducts the right arm, you can only see the reflection right arm and not the rest of the body. The right arm then feels disembodied due to a discrepancy of vision and proprioception (Altschuler & Ramachandran 2007). Observation of the reflection of the right arm from the anti-parasagittally placed (right) mirror in the frontal mirror immediately produces the perception of the observation of one’s doppelgänger! Fascinatingly, the perception of the doppelgänger is different from that of the disembodied arm. (2) Quinn and Watt (2006) in an important but not yet fully appreciated paper showed that simply using the judgment “too fast” or “not too fast” subjects can come to a consensus on the best tempo for a piece, however, they were not able to figure out what components of a musical piece drive the perception of a tempo being too fast or not. We suggest that the thematic rhythm of a piece is the key factor in this determination and we note that pieces by JS Bach provide an opportunity for testing: Bach marked the final movements of his sonatas for violin (BWV 1001, 1003 and 1005) Presto (as fast as possible), Allegro (fast) and Allegro Assai (very fast). By testing subjects with recordings of each of these pieces at the three tempos Bach’s designations can be confirmed with it the role of thematic rhythm in tempo perception. Sections from the c minor and e minor preludes from Book One of Bach’s Well-Tempered Clavier, that have marked tempos by JSB, played at different speeds can also be used as stimuli. Disclosures: E.L. Altschuler: None. D.L. Altschuler: None. Theme J Poster 021. History of Neuroscience Location: Halls A-C Time: Saturday, November 11, 2017, 1:00 PM - 5:00 PM Program#/Poster#: 021.04SA/VV17 Topic: J.01. History of Neuroscience Title: A historical perspective of stem cell clinical trials in spinal cord injury Authors: *B. T. DAVID, R. G. FESSLER; Neurolog. Surgery, Rush Univ. Med. Ctr., Chicago, IL Abstract: Spinal cord injury (SCI) is one of the most devastating types of neurological disorders, resulting in a loss of nervous tissue that affects motor, sensory, and autonomic function. Multiple treatments have been utilized in preclinical experiments, yielding a large range of results. Of these, cellular transplantation has gained widespread attention as one of the most potentially useful tools, due to the ability of cells to elicit axonal regeneration, supply trophic support, and replace neural cells outright. Stem cells, in particular, have been deemed particularly promising because of evidence of their ability to integrate, differentiate, remyelinate, and improve motor function, in preclinical experiments. However, despite the numerous preclinical studies recently published on stem cell interventions in SCI, few have led to clinical trials domestically. This, in turn, has led to the unfortunate rise of stem cell tourism. This study reviews the stem cell clinical trials that have been performed for spinal cord injury, and the preclinical experiments that preceded them. Disclosures: B.T. David: None. R.G. Fessler: None. Theme J Poster 021. History of Neuroscience Location: Halls A-C Time: Saturday, November 11, 2017, 1:00 PM - 5:00 PM Program#/Poster#: 021.05SA/VV18 Topic: J.01. History