HIGH PERFORMANCE CSMA/CA MAC PROTOCOL FOR POWER LINE COMMUNICATION AND SMART GRID By MUHARREM AYAR A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2013 1 © 2013 Muharrem Ayar 2 To my lovely wife and parents 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my academic advisor Dr. Haniph A. Latchman for his persevering guidance and support on my thesis studies and research. I am also thankful to Dr. Janise McNair and Dr. Herman Lam for serving on my committee. I am indebted to the National Educational Ministry of Turkey. They gave me the opportunity to pursue my graduate education at University of Florida, USA by supporting me with a full scholarship. In addition, I thank all LIST members for their comments and reviews on my researches. Beside all, I want to thank to my lovely wife who has never given up on supporting me spiritually. Finally, I would like to present my appreciation to my parents. They have always encouraged me throughout my educational. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. 4 LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ 7 LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... 8 ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... 9 CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW ............................................................................................................ 11 Medium Access Control Protocols .......................................................................... 13 Scheduling ........................................................................................................ 15 Random Access ............................................................................................... 17 Aloha .......................................................................................................... 17 CSMA ........................................................................................................ 18 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 19 2 ANALYSIS OF CSMA/CA MAC LAYER PROTOCOLS FOR WIRELESS AND PLC ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................................. 21 Wireless Environment ............................................................................................. 21 Standard IEEE 802.11 DCF MAC Protocol ...................................................... 22 Simulation and Results ..................................................................................... 23 Power Line Communication Environment ............................................................... 25 Home Plug 1.0 .................................................................................................. 25 Priority resolution ....................................................................................... 25 Backoff mechanism .................................................................................... 26 Simulation and Results ..................................................................................... 27 3 SURVEY ON CSMA/CA MAC PROTOCOLS FOR BACKOFF ALGORITHMS ...... 29 Exponential Increase Exponential Decrease (EIED) and Linear Decrease (EILD) Backoff ..................................................................................................... 29 The Pause Count Backoff (PCB) Algorithm ............................................................ 30 Dynamic Tuning of IEEE 802.11 Protocol ............................................................... 30 Adaptive Contention Window Backoff (ACWB) with Cross Layer Optimization ...... 32 Adaptive Optimization based on Bayesian Estimation of Competing Terminals ..... 33 Fast Collision Resolution (FCR) .............................................................................. 34 Traffic Adaptive Backoff (TAB) Protocol.................................................................. 36 Semi-Random Backoff (SRB) ................................................................................. 36 Delayed Contention (DC) DCF MAC ...................................................................... 37 Contention Window and Run Time Optimization for IEEE 802.11 DCF .................. 38 5 Batch and Sequential Bayesian Estimator Approach .............................................. 39 Fragmentation Mechanism ..................................................................................... 40 QoS-enabled MAC Architecture for Prioritized Service ........................................... 41 Opportunistic Multi-Radio MAC (OMMAC) .............................................................. 41 Adaptive Backoff Scheme based on Binary Exponential Backoff Algorithm ........... 42 Conditioned Enhanced Distributed Coordination Function (CEDCF) ...................... 43 Enhanced Collision Resolution for Distributed Coordination Function Protocol ...... 44 4 CONSTANT CONTENTION WINDOW BASED CSMA/CA MAC PROTOCOL ...... 46 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 46 System Model ......................................................................................................... 46 Contention Window Optimization ............................................................................ 50 Simulation and Results ........................................................................................... 51 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 53 5 ADAPTIVE TUNING OF OPTIMAL CONTENTION WINDOW SIZE ...................... 55 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 55 Estimating Number of Contending Stations ............................................................ 56 Mathematical Analysis ............................................................................................ 57 Simulation and Results ........................................................................................... 58 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 63 6 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK .................................................................... 64 LIST OF REFERENCES ............................................................................................... 66 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH ............................................................................................ 69 6 LIST OF TABLES Table page 2-1 Priority function of BPC in terms of CW and DC. ............................................... 26 7 LIST OF FIGURES Figure page 1-1 Sharing a communication medium ..................................................................... 14 1-2 Medium sharing techniques ................................................................................ 15 1-3 Generic representation of scheduling ................................................................. 15 1-4 Polling System.. .................................................................................................. 16 2-1 IEEE 802.11 DCF Protocol ................................................................................. 23 2-2 MAC efficiency for different contention window size ........................................... 24 2-3 Priority resolution slots in Home Plug 1.0. .......................................................... 25 2-4 The MAC efficiency plot of Home Plug 1.0 protocol. .......................................... 28 2-5 Performance comparison between original Home Plug 1.0 and IEEE 802.11protocol. ................................................................................................... 28 4-1 Markov chain Model for constant CW MAC protocol .......................................... 47 4-2 Comparison for finding po with different methods. .............................................. 50 4-3 Optimal contention window size for λ=3. ............................................................ 52 4-4 Optimal contention window size for λ=15. .......................................................... 53 5-1 Estimating number of user individually and dependently .................................... 55 5-2 Estimating number of user individually and independently ................................. 55 5-3 Tracking number of nodes in a variable channel with approximation solution .... 59 5-4 Tracking number of nodes in a variable channel with exact solution. ................. 60 5-5 MAC efficiency comparison for both estimation algorithm. ................................. 60 5-6 Comparison of MAC efficiency for estimation algorithm, for actual number of nodes and the standard HomePlug 1.0. ............................................................. 61 5-7 Zoom view of MAC efficiency comparison for exact and approximation approaches. ........................................................................................................ 62 5-8 MAC efficiency comparison with a smoothed plot. ............................................