492 w•.wR *NDWgsT, Breeding o! thePine Siskin L[Auk Oct. TABLE 2 Total Range of Average Species records speed speed Median Turkey Vulture ...................... 1 34 -- -- Eastern Goshawk .................... 1 38 -- -- Sharp-shinnedHawk ................. 37 16-60 30.0 26 Cooper'sHawk ...................... 12 21-55 29.3 26 Eastern Red-tailed Hawk ............. 54 20-40 29.0 28 Northern Red-shouldered Hawk ........ 7 18-34 28.3 31 Broad-winged Hawk .................. 8 20-40 31.7 32 American Golden Eagle ............... 2 28-32 30.0 -- Bald Eagle.......................... 2 36-44 40.0 -- Marsh Hawk ........................ 4 21-38 28.7 -- Osprey.............................. 16 20-80 41.5 38 Duck Hawk ......................... 3 28-32 30.0 30 Pigeon Hawk ........................ 1 28 -- -- Eastern Sparrow Hawk ............... 4 22-36 26.2 -- Eastern Crow........................ 15 17-35 26.0 27 R•rER•NCES ALLEN, F. H. 1939. Effect of Wind on Flight Speeds. Auk, 56: 291-303. t•ROUN, M. 1939. Fall Migrations of Hawks at I-Iawk Mountain, Pennsylvania,1934-1938. Auk, 56: 429-441. CooK•, M. T. 1937. Flight Speedof Birds. U.S. Dept. Agric., Circ. 428. RAT•N, S. F. 1934. Notes on the Speedof Birds in Flight. Murrelet, 15: 23-24. Hawk Mountain Sanctuary R. D. Orwigsburg,Pennsylvania NOTES ON THE BREEDING OF THE PINE SISKIN BY RICHARD LEE WEAVER AND FRANKLIN H. WEST INTRODUCTION AN unusualoccurrence of PineSiskins (Spinus ibinus pinus) through- out New Englandduring the winterand spring of 1941was followed by the nestingof someof the birdssouth of, or at lowerelevations than, their usualbreeding range. This affordedan opportunityto makea detailedstudy of the breedinghabits of the speciesat Han- over,New Hampshire,where one nestwas observed by fifteenmem- bersof the DartmouthNatural HistoryClub from the time that the nestwas being built until the younghad departedfrom it. Previousrecords of Siskinsbreeding in New England are relatively scarceand detailed observationsmade during the nestingperiod are rare. The general behavior pattern in regard to nestingis fairly well known from casual observationsand by comparisonswith re- Vol.õo'1 WEAVERA•:D W•SX, Breeding of thePine Siskin 493 latedspecies, but manyquestions have remained to be answeredcon- cerningterritory, incubation, fledging, and care of the youngby the adults. This studywill help to answersome of thesequestions and to verify suppositionsmade concerningthe species. Bagg and Eliot (1937) summarizevery well what is known of the relationshipof the Siskinto otherfinches and the characteristicswhich make this bird suchan object of interest in regard to its movements and life history. They say: "The Siskin's closestrelatives are, we suppose,the American Goldfinch, now classedas Spini, too, but it is also very closeto the Crossbills,and to the Redpolls, and its flocking,and feeding, and breeding habits are more like those birds than the Goldfinches. Like both, it prefers to keep in sociableflocks, restlessly bound- ing with wheezylittle chatteringsall over the countryside.Reproduction necessi- ties require less than a month and may be satisfiedat almostany season,this pair or that dropping out of the flock-life,wherever they happen to be, but the flock appearsto have a continuousexistence and almost limitless range. This freedom from dietary, seasonal,territorial, or geographicalrestrictions makes the Siskin even more than the Crossbill,who after all must have cones--errantpar excellence; now absent for months at a time, now abundant and tame, now a wild barely pausing transient and anon a sporadicbreederI" Todd (1940) also points out that not all birds breed every year, which probablyexplains their presenceat unexpectedtimes and out of their ordinary breeding range. BREEDING RECORDS IN THE NORTHEAST The Pine Siskin is a commonbut somewhatirregular residentin Maine, New Hampshire,and Vermont, breedingusually above 3,000 feet, and is a bird of the Canadian Zone. It is a casual breeder in New England southof thesestates, having a very discontinuousrange (Forbush 1929). Glover M. Allen (1903) saysthat the Siskin is a commonpermanent resident of the Canadianregion, and occursalso throughoutthe lower part of New Hampshireas a fall and winter visitant. He alsopoints out that a few are almostalways to be found in the lowland valleysof the White Mountains. Wright (1911), in writing of the bird life of the Jeffersonregion of New Hampshire, saysthat the distributionof the speciesin the forestsof the Presi- dential Range throughout the summer also indicatesthat it nests sparinglythere. Siskinshave been known to breed sporadicallysouth of New Eng- land, with recordsfrom the Catskills, the Hudson Valley, and the Allegheniesin westernPennsylvania. They have alsobeen known to summeroccasionally in the southernAppalachians which might mean that they breed there. 494 WEavERANDWEST, Breeding o[the Pine Siskin [• One of the earliestnesting records of the Siskin was made at Cam- bridge,Massachusetts, in May, 1859. It wasreported by Baird,Brewer and Ridgway (1874). J. A. Allen (1870) reported a record made by William Brewsterat Gorham,New Hampshire,in August, 1869. Brewsteralso recorded the bird as nestingat Lake Umbagogin Maine and New Hampshire (Griscom1938).. Brewsterfurther said in his diary that they were often found breeding or wintering and were sometimesentirely absent at one seasonor another. He gave the year of 1873as one when nestingoccurred in great numbersin two definite periods-June-Julyand July-August. Gilman and Edwin B. Frost found two nestswith eggsin the Dartmouth CollegePark at Hanover, New Hampshire,April 17 and 18, 1878, which were reportedby Glover M. Allen (1903). That sameyear C. Hart Merriam (1878) observedlarge flocksand nesting occurrences in northern New York. In May, 1883, at Newton, Massachusetts,a nest, two eggs,and a femalewere collected by Dean W. Park, reportedby Brewster(1906). At the same time, nestingoccurred at Ossining,New York, as was observedby Fisher (1883). J. A. Allen (1887) witnessednesting at Cornwall-on-Hudson,New York, May 3, 1887. Nestingwas observed at Remsen,New York, April 4, 1889,and in EssexCounty, New York, in 1905,reported by Eaton (1914). Faxon and Hoffman saw adults on Mt. Greylock,Massachusetts, on July 16, 1888,which were thought to be nesting(Bagg and Eliot 1937). Since 1900,numerous other recordsof nestinghave been made in New England and nestshave been found as far south as Warren, Pennsylvania.Bagg and Eliot (1937) report nestsor obviously breeding adults at Brattleboro, Vermont, in 1907; Bethel, Vermont, in 1908; Woodstock,Vermont, April 19, 1925,by Richard Marble; Southampton,Massachusetts, April, 1927,by Crossand Woods. The Siskinwas found nestingat Warren, Pennsylvania,in 1912 by R. B. Simpson(1912) who found ten nestsduring April andMay. He found two nestsat Warren again in 1925,the sameyear that George Sutton (1928) located a nest with young at Hull, Potter County,Pennsylvania, and severalold nestsin PymatuningSwamp, near Hartstown,Crawford County, Pennsylvania. OCCURRENCE IN NEW ENGLAND IN 1941 Thousandsof Siskinswere present during the winter and spring of 1941throughout New England. Flocksof 250 to 1,000birds were reported in Massachusettsduring March and a general increasewas notedin New Englandduring April. There wasa generaltendency Vol.6o] W•AWRA•n WESt,Breeding o[ thePine Siskin '95 •945 a to nestshown by small portionsof thesespring flocks, with definite evidenceof nestingnoted at Springfieldand Northampton,Massa- chusetts,and Hanover,New Hampshire. There wasa generalmove- ment northward during May, but individualsremained scattered throughoutNew Englandduring the entire month,with somebirds presentduring the first part of June. Nest building was seen at Springfieldand two juvenileswere observed at Northampton. Thus Siskinsremained south of their normal breeding range throughout the springof 1941and somenested (Bull. New Eng. Bird Life, Jan.- June, 1941). At Hanover, New Hampshire, 429 Siskinswere counted on the 1940 Ghristmas Bird Gount, and flocks of 15 to 20 could be seen throughoutFebruary and early March. By the end of March and the beginningweeks of April, the flocksincreased in size,having 50 to 100birds in them. The peakof abundancewas reached about mid- April. By the end of the month and throughoutearly May, as many as 200 to 800 birds were countedin flocksmoving northward. Many of the birdspresent during March had remaineduntil May; someof them had been marked with colored tail plumes and could be seen throughoutthe period. Nestingoccurred during April and May and someindividuals remained through June and into July, supposedly the breedingbirds and their young. NESTING As a result of this large influx of birds throughoutthe spring,a few birds were found to be nestingat Hanover and numerousothers were suspectedof nesting. This verifiesGlover M. Allen's statement (1903)in regardto their distributionand abundancein New Hamp- shire. He says:"After a winter in which they have beenplenty, stray birdsseem to dropout asthe main flight recedednorthward and these maysometimes breed at lowerelevations." It wasalso true that nest- ing followedperiods of large concentrationsthroughout the winter and spring at Cambridge,Massachusetts, in 1859; Lake Umbagog, Maine, in 1878; northern New York, in 1878; Ossining,New York, in 188g;and at Warren, Pennsylvania,in 1912. Nestingat Hanover has undoubtedlyoccurred between 1878 and 1941 unobserved,as an old nest was discoveredin the CollegePark in 1941 that was being dismantledby one